ABSTRACT
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM:
A MODEL TO GIVE STRUCTURE AND GUIDANCE
by
James M. Lipuma
This work proposes a template for successful interdisciplinary Environmental Science (EVSC) programs at four-year American learning institutions. The first conclusion reached is that there is no one "perfect" program. Only by identifying clear goals for EVSC can programs improve. It was determined that a clear definition of EVSC and mission statements related to these definitions are necessary first steps to allow improvement to occur. One major outcome of the work is the educational model built to understand EVSC education. The model identifies methods by which the goals and objectives of EVSC can be identified and accomplished. The research found that several common objectives—content knowledge, problem-solving, communication, and interdisciplinarity—have constant methods of being accomplished at institutions—curriculum, faculty, extracurricular activities, and external advisement— which provide a program the ways to transfer knowledge to students in order to achieve the specified outcomes listed in the mission statement. Each of these areas was explored and means for improving them are given. One major finding relates to using a management model for promoting faculty improvements.
A common thread identified in all programs was problem-solving and its related skills. In every program, at all levels, the need for students to master the skills related to problem-solving were highlighted as important. To this end, a student guide is included in the appendix to assist in the teaching and improvement of student problem-solving skills.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM:
A MODEL TO GIVE STRUCTURE AND GUIDANCE
by
James M. Lipuma
A Dissertation
Submitted to the Faculty of
New Jersey Institute of Technology
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environmental Science
January 2001
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Author: James M. Lipuma
Degree : Doctor of Philosophy
Date of Birth: August 19, 1970
Place of Birth: Colonia, New Jersey
Undergraduate and Graduate Education:
New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 2001
New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 1996
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1992
Major: Environmental Science
Presentations and Publications:
Bengu, G., Watts D., Elliot, N., Lipuma, J., Bhaumik, A., Mallikarjun, Y., and Tolety, S. "Computer Aided Cognitive Tools for Teaching and Implementing Clean Manufacturing." Technology Reinvestment Project, Manufacturing Education and Training Program, NSF Grantees Conference Proceedings. 1997.
Lipuma, James M. "Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion: A Computer Aided Teaching Tool." Graduate Student Research Forum. New Jersey Institute Of Technology. 1996.
Rosengarten, E., Lipuma, J., and Elliot, N. "Application of AI in Clean Manufacturing," International Conference on Mathematical and Computer Modeling and Scientific Computing Proceedings. July 1995.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to thank all those who have assisted with the research, especially his advisor Dr. Robert Barat. Professor Barat provided inspiration, guidance, and direction as well as invaluable help throughout the research process.
Special thanks to Dr. Elliot, Dr. Lewandowski, Dr. Trattner, and Dr. Watts for serving as members of the doctoral advising committee and assisting in the refinement of the dissertation.
The author is grateful to the Matheson Gas Company Foundation for their funding through a fellowship award to the New Jersey Institute of Technology. Without this funding, the research would not have been possible.
Finally, a thanks to all those who assisted with the research by participating in the survey process as well as providing expert criticism that helped improve the overall quality of the research. In addition, thank you to those who helped me to code and analyze the data, especially Michele and Fualli.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
|
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
||
|
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
||
|
1.2 Overall Topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
||
|
1.3 From a Student’s Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
6 |
||
|
1.4 Narrowing the Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
8 |
||
|
1.5 Goals of the Dissertation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
9 |
||
|
1.6 Dissertation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
||
|
2 BACKGROUND ON PROGRAM ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
13 |
||
|
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
13 |
||
|
2.2 Rankings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
13 |
||
|
2.3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
||
|
2.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
||
|
2.3.2 The Idea of Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
17 |
||
|
2.3.3 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
19 |
||
|
3 GENERAL EDUCATION MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
25 |
||
|
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
25 |
||
|
3.2 General Education Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
29 |
||
|
3.3 General Education Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
||
|
3.4 Attaining These Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
35 |
||
|
3.5 Model of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
37 |
||
|
4 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
||
|
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
||
|
4.2 From the Beginning of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
||
|
4.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
||
|
4.2.2 Preservation, Conservation, and Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
42 |
||
|
4.2.3 Summary of Laws and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
45 |
||
|
4.3 Foundations Of Environmental Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
||
|
4.3.1 Fundamentals of Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
||
|
4.3.2 Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
48 |
||
|
4.3.3 Small is Beautiful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
50 |
||
|
4.3.4 The Limits to Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
52 |
||
|
4.3.5 Earth in the Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
53 |
||
|
4.4 From Philosophical Roots to Environmental Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
53 |
||
|
4.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
53 |
||
|
4.4.2 Environmental Education Curriculum Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
54 |
||
|
4.5 Environmental Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
||
|
4.6 Environmental Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
57 |
||
|
5 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
61 |
||
|
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
61 |
||
|
5.2 Environmental Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
62 |
||
|
6 PROJECT METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
||
|
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
||
|
6.2 Parameters and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
67 |
||
|
6.3 Choosing the Schools for Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
68 |
||
|
6.4 Survey 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
73 |
||
|
6.4.1 Instrument and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
73 |
||
|
6.4.2 Survey Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
73 |
||
|
6.5 Results for Survey 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
78 |
||
|
6.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
78 |
||
|
6.5.2 Survey 1 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
79 |
||
|
6.6 Survey 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
83 |
||
|
6.6.1 Instrument and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
83 |
||
|
6.6.2 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
84 |
||
|
6.6.3 Survey Instrument 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
85 |
||
|
6.6.4 Report of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
96 |
||
|
7 RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
97 |
||
|
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
97 |
||
|
7.2 Concepts of Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
97 |
||
|
7.3 Analysis of Response Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
99 |
||
|
7.3.1 Demonstrating Sample Similarity for Survey 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
99 |
||
|
7.3.2 Sample Similarity in Section Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
101 |
||
|
7.3.3 Sample Similarity in Section Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
103 |
||
|
7.3.4 Sample Similarity in Section Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
106 |
||
|
7.4 Correlations Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
111 |
||
|
7.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
111 |
||
|
7.4.2 Correlation Test Defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
112 |
||
|
7.4.3 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
113 |
||
|
7.4.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
113 |
||
|
7.4.3.2 Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
113 |
||
|
7.4.3.3 Student Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
123 |
||
|
7.4.3.4 Course Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
127 |
||
|
7.4.3.5 Hands-on Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
141 |
||
|
7.5 Free Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
146 |
||
|
7.6 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
147 |
||
|
8 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
153 |
||
|
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
153 |
||
|
8.2 Mission Statements—Goals and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
155 |
||
|
8.3 Educating Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
160 |
||
|
8.3.1 General Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
160 |
||
|
8.3.2 What Students Should Obtain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
165 |
||
|
8.3.2.1 Problem-solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
165 |
||
|
8.3.2.2 Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
167 |
||
|
8.3.2.3 Content Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
168 |
||
|
8.3.2.4 Interdisciplinarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
171 |
||
|
8.4 Attaining Program Goals and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
174 |
||
|
8.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
174 |
||
|
8.4.2 Faculty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
174 |
||
|
8.4.3 Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
183 |
||
|
8.4.4 Extracurricular Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
196 |
||
|
8.4.5 External Advisement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
198 |
||
|
9 TESTING THE MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
202 |
||
|
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
202 |
||
|
9.2 Curriculum Assessment and Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
202 |
||
|
9.3 Accomplishing Goals and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
203 |
||
|
9.4 Assessing a Specific Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
205 |
||
|
9.5 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
208 |
||
|
10 WHAT’S NEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
210 |
||
|
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
210 |
||
|
10.2 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
210 |
||
|
10.3 Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
212 |
||
|
APPENDIX 1 SURVEY 1 AND 2 SAMPLE RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
216 |
||
|
APPENDIX 2 SAMPLE PROGRAM MATERIALS AND URLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
237 |
||
|
APPENDIX 3 EVSC STUDENT GUIDEBOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
327 |
||
|
A3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
328 |
||
|
A3.2 Problem-solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
328 |
||
|
A3.3 General Problem-solving Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
329 |
||
|
A3.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
329 |
||
|
A3.3.2 Become Aware of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
330 |
||
|
A3.3.3 Define the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
331 |
||
|
A3.3.4 Choose Which Problem to Be Solved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
332 |
||
|
A3.3.5 Identify Potential Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
335 |
||
|
A3.3.6 Evaluate the Valid Potential Solutions to Select a Best Solution . . . |
336 |
||
|
A3.3.7 Develop an Action Plan to Implement the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
339 |
||
|
A3.4 Research Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
340 |
||
|
A3.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
340 |
||
|
A3.4.2 The Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
341 |
||
|
A3.4.3 Other Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
343 |
||
|
A3.5 Other Student Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
344 |
||
|
A3.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
344 |
||
|
A3.5.2 Internet Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
345 |
||
|
A3.6 Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
348 |
||
|
A3.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
348 |
||
|
A3.6.2 Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
349 |
||
|
A3.6.3 Public Speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
351 |
||
|
A3.6.4 Team Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
352 |
||
|
A3.7 Final Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
354 |
||
|
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
356 |
||
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
|
1.1 Environmental Education as a Subset of Other Educational Schemes . . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
||
|
3.1 Fundamental Aspects of Educational Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
38 |
||
|
3.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
39 |
||
|
6.1 Environmental Science Programs in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
69 |
||
|
6.2 Environmental Science Programs Survey 1 Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
76 |
||
|
6.3 Undergraduate Degree Programs Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
79 |
||
|
6.4 Graduate Degree Programs Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
80 |
||
|
6.5 Combined Undergraduate and Graduate Degree Programs Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
81 |
||
|
6.6 Other Degree Program Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
82 |
||
|
6.7 Report of Data for Survey 1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
82 |
||
|
6.8 Programs Scoring 7 or Above On Survey 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
83 |
||
|
6.9 Environmental Science Programs Survey 2 Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
85 |
||
|
6.10 Phone Interview Questions for Environmental Science Programs Survey 2 . . . . . |
92 |
||
|
6.11 Follow-up Letter for Non-respondents to Environmental Science Program Survey 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
94 |
||
|
7.1 From Concepts of Interest to Survey Results 7.3 Analysis of Response Similarity . |
98 |
||
|
7.2 Answers to Question 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
101 |
||
|
7.3 Answers to Question 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
101 |
||
|
7.4 Answers to Question 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
102 |
||
|
7.5 Answers to Question 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
102 |
||
|
7.6 Answers to Question 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
102 |
||
|
7.7 Results for Questions 9-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
103 |
||
|
7.8 Answers to Ecology from Question 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
104 |
||
|
7.9 Answers to Geology from Question 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
104 |
||
|
7.10 Answers to Management from Question 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
105 |
||
|
7.11 Results for Question 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
106 |
||
|
7.12 Results for Basic Science Lab for Question 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
107 |
||
|
7.13 Results for Basic Science Field Experience for Question 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
107 |
||
|
7.14 Results for Environmental Science Laboratory Experience for Question 15 . . . . . |
107 |
||
|
7.15 Results for Environmental Science Field Experience for Question 15 . . . . . . . . . |
108 |
||
|
7.16 Results for Social Science Laboratory Experience for Question 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . |
108 |
||
|
7.17 Results for Social Science Field Experience for Question 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
108 |
||
|
7.18 Results for Independent Research Experience for Question 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
109 |
||
|
7.19 Results for Internship Experience for Question 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
109 |
||
|
7.20 Results for Question 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
110 |
||
|
7.21 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "When Was the Undergraduate Program Started" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
113 |
||
|
7.22 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "How many Undergraduates enter the program in one calendar year?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
115 |
||
|
7.23 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "When Was the Graduate Program Started" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
116 |
||
|
7.24 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "How many Graduate students enter the program in one calendar year?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
117 |
||
|
7.25 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "What Type Of Degree Should Students Have For Admission" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
118 |
||
|
7.26 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "How Many Full-time Faculty Teach In The Program?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
118 |
||
|
7.27 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "How Many Part-time Faculty Teach In The Program?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
120 |
||
|
7.28 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "What Percent Of Faculty Time Is Committed To Teaching In The EVSC Program?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
121 |
||
|
7.29 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "Describe The Use Of Part-Time Faculty In The Program." . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
122 |
||
|
7.30 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: "Which Statement Best Describes The Fields Of Your Faculty?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
123 |
||
|
7.31 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Strong Quantitative Skills . . . . . . . . . . . |
124 |
||
|
7.32 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Communicate Orally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
125 |
||
|
7.33 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Write Effectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
125 |
||
|
7.34 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Evaluate Literature Critically . . . . . . . . |
126 |
||
|
7.35 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
127 |
||
|
7.36 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
128 |
||
|
7.37 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Analytical Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
129 |
||
|
7.38 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Basic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
129 |
||
|
7.39 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Physical Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
130 |
||
|
7.40 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
130 |
||
|
7.41 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Computer Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
131 |
||
|
7.42 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Earth Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
131 |
||
|
7.43 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
132 |
||
|
7.44 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
132 |
||
|
7.45 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
133 |
||
|
7.46 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
133 |
||
|
7.47 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
134 |
||
|
7.48 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
134 |
||
|
7.49 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
135 |
||
|
7.50 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
135 |
||
|
7.51 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
136 |
||
|
7.52 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
136 |
||
|
7.53 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
137 |
||
|
7.54 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Political Science - law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
137 |
||
|
7.55 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
138 |
||
|
7.56 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Sociology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
139 |
||
|
7.57 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Course Matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
140 |
||
|
7.58 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Basic Science Lab Experience . . . . . . . . |
141 |
||
|
7.59 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Basic Science Field Experience . . . . . . . |
142 |
||
|
7.60 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Environmental Lab Experience . . . . . . . . |
142 |
||
|
7.61 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Environmental Field Experience . . . . . . . |
143 |
||
|
7.62 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Social Science Lab Experience . . . . . . . . |
144 |
||
|
7.63 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Social Science Field Experience . . . . . . . |
145 |
||
|
7.64 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Independent Research Projects With Faculty Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
145 |
||
|
7.65 Spearman Rho Correlation Test Results: Hands-on Experience Matrix . . . . . . . . . |
146 |
||
|
8.1 Program Mission Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
155 |
||
|
8.2 Sample Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
193 |
||
|
A1.1 Sample Results for Survey 1 of University of Scranton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
217 |
||
|
A1.2 Sample Results for Survey 1 of University of Colorado at Denver . . . . . . . . . . . . |
218 |
||
|
A1.3 Sample Results for Survey 1 of Florida International University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
219 |
||
|
A1.4 Sample Results for Survey 2 of University of Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
222 |
||
|
A1.5 Sample Results for Survey 2 of University of Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
229 |
||
|
A2.1 University of Illinois, Urbana Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
238 |
||
|
A2.2 University of Massachusettes, Amherst Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
241 |
||
|
A2.3 Duquesne University Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
248 |
||
|
A2.4 University of California: Los Angeles Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
250 |
||
|
A2.5 Washington State University Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
269 |
||
|
A2.6 University of Virginia Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
277 |
||
|
A3.1 Steps in the General Problem-solving Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
330 |
||
|
A3.2 Active Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
334 |
||
|
A3.3 Sample Table of Potential Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
338 |
||
|
A3.4 Sample Table of Evaluation Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
338 |
||
|
A3.5 Sample Table of a Comparative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
338 |
||
|
A3.6 Steps of the Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
341 |
||
|
A3.7 Thought-Centered Scientific Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
343 |
||
|
A3.8 Governmental Web Page Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
346 |
||
|
A3.9 General Information Web Page Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
347 |
||