intro

Course Outline: OPSE 402

Spring 2008

tel: (973) 596-5342

Office hours: Monday and Friday 1 pm – 2:30 pm or by appointment

Course Materials: Instructor handouts. References books on reserve in Library. Lecture notes will be posted on the web.

Recommended book: Hecht, Optics

Also consult the Physical Review Style and Notation Guide at http://publish.aps.org/STYLE/ a copy is available in the labs

Goals:

· Learn about physical phenomena by performing quantitative measurements

· Gain experience with techniques and instrumentation used in modern physics laboratories in Academia and Industry

· Gain experience in solving problems, which occur in experimental measurements

· Learn basics of data acquisition, data analysis, data storage, and data presentation

Materials:

for this course you will need a Lab Notebook with numbered pages

Note: The laboratory manual will be distributed in class or via the World Wide Web. OPSE web address: web.njit.edu/~sirenko

LECTURE NOTES:

Lecture 1 LASERS

Lecture 2 SHG

Lecture 3 Raman Scattering

Lecture 4 “X-ray diffraction …” ; “X-ray diffraction and structure factors"

LAB MANUALS:

HeNe LASER

SECON HARMONIC GENERATION

X-RAY DIFFRACTION (determine lattice spacing of cubic crystals and elastic strain in thin films)

RAMAN SCATTERING (excitation spectra of molecules by inelastic light scattering)

RAMAN SCATTERING (phonons in crystalline Diamond, Silicon, and Germanium)

OPSE Lab Open Hours: OPSE lab (642-4956) will be open during Monday 2:30-5:30pm and Fridays. 2:30-5:30 pm or by appointment.

OPSE Lab Teaching Assistant: TBD

Prerequisites: Recommended: Math 222 (differential equations), OPSE 301.

Assignments: You are responsible for all weekly reading and homework assignments listed in this outline. The reading should be completed BEFORE class each week. Homework assignments must be turned in according to the schedule listed in the outline. Homework assignments may be turned in up to 1 week late with a penalty of 1 full grade (ie. A becomes a B, B becomes a C). Each student must turn in individual Homework assignments. No group submissions will be accepted.

During the course, you will complete 4 laboratory assignments. The lab reports are due as indicated in the outline (nominally due 2 weeks after each experiment is completed). Laboratory reports may be turned in up to 1 week late with a penalty of 1 full grade (ie. A becomes a B, B becomes a C). Each student must turn in an individual laboratory report. No group laboratory reports will be accepted.

Groups and Working Together: You will typically work with one (maybe two) partners for these experiments. You are encouraged to help each other with homework and laboratory assignments. It is expected (although not required) that lab groups will present the same raw data in their laboratory reports. However, each student must submit an individual laboratory report with their own analysis, graphs, and discussion. DO NOT CUT AND PASTE your laboratory reports from other students’ work.

Attendance: It is expected that you will attend every class. Since some of the equipment requires special safety practices, do NOT miss scheduled laboratory days. Some experiments (the Raman Scattering experiments) need to be scheduled in advance and may be scheduled outside of our usual class time. Please be PROMPT and do not miss your assigned times. If you anticipate an absence, please let your lab partners and your instructor know immediately.

Exams: No written examinations will be given. Instead a Final Oral Report will be presented during the week of Final Exams. The final oral report will be a formal presentation of one of the experiments performed during the semester. Each student must present an individual laboratory oral report. No group reports will be accepted.

Grades: Final Oral presentation will count as 1/4 of grade. Homework assignments will count as ¼ of your grade. The lab reports will collectively count as ½ of your final grade. Grades of below 50% are failing (F).

· There will be no food or beverages allowed in the Lab.

· If equipment seems to be malfunctioning, see the lab instructor or teaching assistant. You are not permitted to repair electrical equipment yourself.

· If you have to move the equipment, make sure it is unplugged.

· Lab manuals and equipment manuals may be signed-out for copying, but must be returned immediately. Ask the staff for instrument manuals.

· Damaged or lost manuals should be reported to the staff for replacement.

· If you break something, report it to the lab instructor immediately so that it may be fixed or replaced. Do not try to fix it yourself without reporting it. If you break equipment while doing something less than brilliant, do not be embarrassed to report it. You will not lose points if you break something, but you will be in big trouble if you do not report it. Reporting problems so that they can be corrected will gain you psychological points with the staff.

· Clean up after your lab session; leave the apparatus and work area in good condition for the next group.

· Return tools, support stands, rods, brackets, etc. to proper place. If you don't know the proper place, ask.

· When you need a tool from a set (e.g. set of wrenches), take the whole set, then return it whole. It is easier to locate a whole set than one missing piece.

· Do not use sticky tape, glue, aluminum foil, etc. in experiments; it never works. Use a proper, professional-level method; ask the lab instructor if you want to find the proper method.

Lab Reports:

· The report should be typed double-spaced (12 point font), and should be 4-6 pages long for the short experiments and 10 pages for the long one, excluding figures.

· While your experimental results may not be publishable, your report should be of publishable quality.

· Writing style should follow that outlined in "Style for students (and Others)" by J. Schall, or the American Physical Society (APS) standard outlined in

http://www.aip.org/pubservs/style/4thed/toc.html
and/or
Reviews of Modern Physics Style Guide

(for those who prefer LaTex, templates can be downloaded from the Physical Reviews and Physical Reviews Letters Web-pages; any paper from these journals can be used as an example). The reports should be written in decent English, with full sentences everywhere. Although you are not writing a literary essay, you are not writing a recipe either. Be wary of typos (they will be penalized increasingly harshly as the term progresses).

The Lab Report should include the following sections:

1. Title page with

· Title of experiment

· Author name

· Date submitted

2. Abstract

with a short summary of the main results. It should be a self-contained paragraph, which interprets the findings and describes their significance. The length is about 5-10 lines.

3. Introduction

2 or 3 paragraphs with description of the point of the experiment, historical overview, and a few references to recent scientific papers on the related subject. References can be obtained by literature search at

http://www.library.njit.edu/

4. Theory

This should describe the theory and other background information relevant to your experiment, including all relevant equations and derivations where necessary.

5. Experimental procedure

This section should by a general description of the method you have followed, and should be complete and relatively detailed. It may include schematics of the experimental setup. However, it should not be an excruciating list of every small adjustment you made. This section can be a summary of the procedures described in the various manuals you will be consulting, but it should not be a literal transcription! Just for future reference for this lab, put detailed procedures in an appendix to your paper.

6. Experimental results

In this section, results are reported in Tables and Figures, and the data and error analyses you have done are described. Note that Figures and Tables need to be numbered, to have captions, and to be introduced in the text (e.g. ``In Figure 4 and Table 2 the measured voltage as a function of applied external magnetic field is presented.''). Data in Figures and Tables should not duplicate each other.

7. Discussion

This is where you bring it all together. You can restate your salient final results. You can comment on sources of error, difficulties encountered, and suggest ways to improve the measurements in the future.

8. Conclusions

should not repeat the Abstract

9. References

follow the APS style when citing references

Please proofread your reports thoroughly and check your calculations carefully before handing them in. Where appropriate (but only where appropriate), perform fits to your data and report the fit parameters with errors. Be as quantitative as possible in your analysis and discussion. Please read what you write and be advised that the following will result in lost points:

· Typographical errors

· Figures or tables without captions

· Plots or tables without error bars

· Misreported numbers of significant figures in any x±d x (see Error Reporting)

· Miscalculated errors

· Missing or faulty units

· Egregiously bad English writing

· Undefined parameters used in equations

· Reports handed in late will be severely penalized

Schedule can change to accommodate new experiments

Week	Topic	Lab Assignment	Reading/ HW exercises
1	Lasers, gain, resonant cavities, transverse and longitudinal modes, CW and pulses lasers	HeNe Laser	Read: Hecht, Optics, Section 13.1 Read: Hecht, Optics, Chapt. 2, Sections 3.1-3.5
2	Electromagnetic Theory, propagation of light, Propagation of waves in a medium	HeNe Laser	Read: Hecht, Optics, Chapt. 2, Sections 3.1-3.5 HW Set 1
3	Non-linear Optics, second and third-order nonlinearities		Read: TBA HW Set 5
4	Examples of non-linear optics – Four Wave Mixing, Second Harmonic Generation, Raman Spectroscopy (RS)	SHG Nd:YAG laser	Laboratory Prep material for lab.
5	Second Harmonic Generation	SHG Nd:YAG laser	Read: Hecht, Optics, Section 13.1HW Set 2
6	Second Harmonic Generation		Laboratory Prep material for lab.
7	Light Emitting Diodes, Fiber optics, fiber-optic communications		Read: TBA HW Set 3
8	LED’s continued, soldering techniques		Construct LED transmitter and receiver. Solder components to circuit board.
9	LED based fiber-optic communications link	Comm Link	Laboratory Prep material for lab.
10	Raman Scattering Spectroscopy		Read: TBA HW Set 6
11	Raman Scattering Spectroscopy – continued, applications		Read: TBA HW Set 7
12	Raman Scattering Spectroscopy – continued, applications	Raman Spectroscopy	Laboratory Prep material for lab.
13	Raman Scattering Spectroscopy – continued, applications	Raman Spectroscopy	Laboratory Prep material for lab.
14	Finish up Labs and Prepare Final Report

Lab	Topic
HeNe Laser	Align a HeNe laser Cavity, Measure transverse modes
Comm Link	Built, test and evaluate a fiber-optic communications link. Link is based on LEDs that are modulated (and detected) through a computer’s communication port
SHG	Demonstrate and study Second Harmonic Generation in a non-linear crystal
Raman Scattering Spectroscopy	Using Raman Spectroscopy, measure phonon spectra in Si, Ge, and diamond

Final Oral Presentation: Present a 15 minuite oral presentation on one of the laboratory experiments that you conducted during the course.