UMLS Semantic Network
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Entity
Details[Definition]
A broad type for grouping physical and conceptual entities.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- <this>  issue_in  Occupation or Discipline
--- 1 row ---

Physical Object
Details[Definition]
An object perceptible to the sense of vision or touch.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Organism
Details[Definition]
Generally, a living individual, including all plants and animals.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Homozygote; Radiation Chimera; Transgenic Organisms


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Abnormality  affects  <this>
- Anatomical Structure  part_of  <this>
- Biologic Function  affects  <this>
- Biologic Function  process_of  <this>
- <this>  interacts_with  <this>
- Organism Attribute  property_of  <this>
--- 6 rows ---

Plant
Details[Definition]
An organism having cellulose cell walls, growing by synthesis of inorganic substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion. Plant parts are included here as well.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Pollen; Potatoes; Vegetables


[Relationships]
- Mental Process  process_of  <this>
- Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction  process_of  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Biologically Active Substance
--- 3 rows ---

  Alga
Details[Definition]
A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Chlorella; Laminaria; Seaweed


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Fungus
Details[Definition]
A eukaryotic organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of a rigid cell wall. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Aspergillus clavatus; Blastomyces; Helminthosporium; Neurospora


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Structure  location_of  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Biologically Active Substance
- <this>  causes  Pathologic Function
- Mental Process  process_of  <this>
- Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction  process_of  <this>
--- 5 rows ---

  Virus
Details[Definition]
An organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Coliphages; Echovirus 6, Human; Parvoviridae; Fort Morgan virus


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Structure  location_of  <this>
- Biologically Active Substance  associated_with  <this>
- Immunologic Factor  indicates  <this>
- Mental Process  process_of  <this>
- Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction  process_of  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Biologically Active Substance
- <this>  causes  Pathologic Function
--- 7 rows ---

  Rickettsia or Chlamydia
Details[Definition]
An organism intermediate in size and complexity between a virus and a bacterium, and which is parasitic within the cells of insects and ticks. Included here are all the chlamydias, also called "PLT" for psittacosis- lymphogranuloma venereum-trachoma.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Anaplasma; Chlamydia trachomatis; Neorickettsia risticii


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Structure  location_of  <this>
- Immunologic Factor  indicates  <this>
- Mental Process  process_of  <this>
- Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction  process_of  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Biologically Active Substance
- <this>  causes  Pathologic Function
--- 6 rows ---

  Bacterium
Details[Definition]
A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic micro-organism.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Acetobacter; Bacillus cereus; Cytophaga; Enterobacter intermedium


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Structure  location_of  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Biologically Active Substance
- <this>  causes  Pathologic Function
- Immunologic Factor  indicates  <this>
- Mental Process  process_of  <this>
- Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction  process_of  <this>
--- 6 rows ---

  Archaeon
Details[Definition]
A member of one of the three domains of life, formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. Archaea are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Thermoproteales; Haloferax volcanii; Methanospirillum


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Animal
Details[Definition]
An organism with eukaryotic cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids and photosynthetic pigments.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Animals, Laboratory; Animals, Newborn; Animals, Poisonous


[Relationships]
- <this>  exhibits  Behavior
--- 1 row ---

  Invertebrate
Details[Definition]
An animal which has no spinal column.


[Usage Notes]
This type has no children in the network and is assigned to all invertebrate animals.


[Examples]
Platyhelminths; Starfish; Strongylus; Wasps; Pheretima sieboldi


[Relationships]
- <this>  causes  Pathologic Function
--- 1 row ---

Vertebrate
Details[Definition]
An animal which has a spinal column.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Amphibian
Details[Definition]
A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the amphibian breathes with lungs.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Salamandra; Urodela; Brazilian horned frog


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Bird
Details[Definition]
A vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Serinus; Pigeons; Quail


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Fish
Details[Definition]
A cold-blooded aquatic vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are fishes having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark, or those lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Bass; Salmonidae; Trout


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Reptile
Details[Definition]
A cold-blooded vertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of lungs and are generally egg-laying.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Iguanas; Lizards; Snakes; Lachesis


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Mammal
Details[Definition]
A vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands and sweat glands.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Ursidae Family; Hamsters; Macropus ; Macaca


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Human
Details[Definition]
Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus.


[Usage Notes]
If a concept describes a human being from the point of view of occupational, family, social status, etc., then a type from the 'Group' hierarchy will be assigned instead.


[Examples]
Hominidae; Jean Piaget


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Anatomical Structure
Details[Definition]
A normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an organism.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- <this>  location_of  Bacterium
- <this>  location_of  Fungus
- <this>  part_of  Organism
- <this>  location_of  Rickettsia or Chlamydia
- <this>  location_of  Virus
--- 5 rows ---

  Embryonic Structure
Details[Definition]
An anatomical structure that exists only before the organism is fully formed; in mammals, for example, a structure that exists only prior to the birth of the organism. This structure may be normal or abnormal.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Blastoderm; Fetal Heart; Neural Crest


[Relationships]
- Biologically Active Substance  disrupts  <this>
- Body Substance  surrounds  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Biologic Function
- <this>  developmental_form_of  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  contains  Body Substance
- <this>  developmental_form_of  Cell
- <this>  surrounds  Cell
- <this>  part_of  Cell
- <this>  developmental_form_of  <this>
- <this>  interconnects  <this>
- <this>  surrounds  <this>
- <this>  part_of  <this>
- <this>  developmental_form_of  Tissue
- Hazardous or Poisonous Substance  disrupts  <this>
- Injury or Poisoning  disrupts  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  disrupts  <this>
--- 16 rows ---

Anatomical Abnormality
Details[Definition]
An abnormal structure, or one that is abnormal in size or location.


[Usage Notes]
Use this type if the abnormality in question can be either an acquired or congenital abnormality. Neoplasms are not included here. These are given the type 'Neoplastic Process'. If an anatomical abnormality has a pathologic manifestation, then it will additionally be given the type 'Disease or Syndrome', e.g., "Diabetic Cataract" will be double-typed for this reason.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- <this>  complicates  <this>
- <this>  result_of  <this>
- <this>  co-occurs_with  <this>
- <this>  manifestation_of  Biologic Function
- <this>  occurs_in  Group
- <this>  result_of  Health Care Activity
- <this>  affects  Organism
- <this>  associated_with  Organism Attribute
- <this>  location_of  Pathologic Function
- <this>  result_of  Phenomenon or Process
- <this>  affects  Physiologic Function
- Biologically Active Substance  complicates  <this>
- Body Location or Region  location_of  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  location_of  <this>
- Daily or Recreational Activity  associated_with  <this>
- Diagnostic Procedure  diagnoses  <this>
- Finding  associated_with  <this>
- Finding  manifestation_of  <this>
- Fully Formed Anatomical Structure  location_of  <this>
- Geographic Area  associated_with  <this>
- Hazardous or Poisonous Substance  complicates  <this>
- Individual Behavior  associated_with  <this>
- Injury or Poisoning  complicates  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  diagnoses  <this>
- Laboratory or Test Result  indicates  <this>
- Manufactured Object  causes  <this>
- Medical Device  treats  <this>
- Occupational Activity  associated_with  <this>
- Pathologic Function  co-occurs_with  <this>
- Pathologic Function  complicates  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  complicates  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  treats  <this>
- Phenomenon or Process  result_of  <this>
- Population Group  associated_with  <this>
- Sign or Symptom  diagnoses  <this>
- Substance  causes  <this>
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  treats  <this>
--- 37 rows ---

  Congenital Abnormality
Details[Definition]
An abnormal structure, or one that is abnormal in size or location, present at birth or evolving over time as a result of a defect in embryogenesis.


[Usage Notes]
If the congenital abnormality involves multiple defects then the type 'Disease or Syndrome' will also be assigned.


[Examples]
Cleft Palate; Gastroschisis; Acrosyndactyly of the fingers


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Acquired Abnormality
Details[Definition]
An abnormal structure, or one that is abnormal in size or location, found in or deriving from a previously normal structure. Acquired abnormalities are distinguished from diseases even though they may result in pathological functioning (e.g., "hernias incarcerate").


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Hemorrhoids; Hernia, Femoral; Varicose Veins; Abscess of prostate


[Relationships]
- <this>  result_of  Behavior
- <this>  co-occurs_with  Injury or Poisoning
--- 2 rows ---

Fully Formed Anatomical Structure
Details[Definition]
An anatomical structure in a fully formed organism; in mammals, for example, a structure in the body after the birth of the organism.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- Biologically Active Substance  disrupts  <this>
- Body Location or Region  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Body System  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  location_of  Biologic Function
- <this>  produces  Biologically Active Substance
- <this>  produces  Body Substance
- <this>  contains  Body Substance
- <this>  location_of  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  produces  Organic Chemical
- Hazardous or Poisonous Substance  disrupts  <this>
- Injury or Poisoning  disrupts  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  disrupts  <this>
--- 14 rows ---

  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
Details[Definition]
A collection of cells and tissues which are localized to a specific area or combine and carry out one or more specialized functions of an organism. This ranges from gross structures to small components of complex organs. These structures are relatively localized in comparison to tissues.


[Usage Notes]
When assigning this type, consider whether 'Body Location or Region' might be the correct choice.


[Examples]
Femur; Kidney Glomerulus; Pulmonary Artery; Articular cartilage of distal tibia


[Relationships]
- Body Location or Region  adjacent_to  <this>
- Body Location or Region  location_of  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Body Location or Region
- <this>  traverses  <this>
- <this>  adjacent_to  <this>
- <this>  surrounds  <this>
- <this>  developmental_form_of  <this>
- <this>  consists_of  <this>
- <this>  part_of  <this>
- <this>  connected_to  <this>
- <this>  branch_of  <this>
- <this>  tributary_of  <this>
- <this>  connected_to  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  interconnects  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  location_of  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  adjacent_to  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  connected_to  Body Substance
- <this>  consists_of  Body Substance
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Body System
- <this>  adjacent_to  Cell
- <this>  location_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  location_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
- <this>  surrounds  Tissue
- <this>  connected_to  Tissue
- <this>  adjacent_to  Tissue
- Body Space or Junction  contains  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  part_of  <this>
- Body Substance  part_of  <this>
- Cell  part_of  <this>
- Cell Component  part_of  <this>
- Embryonic Structure  developmental_form_of  <this>
- Gene or Genome  part_of  <this>
- Tissue  developmental_form_of  <this>
- Tissue  part_of  <this>
--- 34 rows ---

  Tissue
Details[Definition]
An aggregation of similarly specialized cells and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to body parts, organs or organ components.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Basophilic muscle fibers; Cartilage; Endothelium; Epidermis


[Relationships]
- Body Location or Region  location_of  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  adjacent_to  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  connected_to  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  surrounds  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  connected_to  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  contains  <this>
- Body Substance  derivative_of  <this>
- Cell  part_of  <this>
- Cell Component  part_of  <this>
- Disease or Syndrome  produces  <this>
- Embryonic Structure  developmental_form_of  <this>
- Gene or Genome  part_of  <this>
- <this>  developmental_form_of  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  part_of  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  adjacent_to  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  location_of  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  surrounds  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  surrounds  Body Substance
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Body System
- <this>  surrounds  Cell
- <this>  surrounds  Cell Component
- <this>  location_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  location_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
- <this>  developmental_form_of  <this>
- <this>  part_of  <this>
- <this>  consists_of  <this>
- <this>  adjacent_to  <this>
- <this>  surrounds  <this>
--- 28 rows ---

  Cell
Details[Definition]
The fundamental structural and functional unit of living organisms.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Dendritic Cells; Erythrocytes; Histiocytes


[Relationships]
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  adjacent_to  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  surrounds  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  interconnects  <this>
- <this>  part_of  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  location_of  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Body System
- <this>  developmental_form_of  <this>
- <this>  consists_of  <this>
- <this>  part_of  <this>
- <this>  adjacent_to  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  location_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
- <this>  part_of  Tissue
- Cell Component  part_of  <this>
- Embryonic Structure  developmental_form_of  <this>
- Embryonic Structure  part_of  <this>
- Embryonic Structure  surrounds  <this>
- Gene or Genome  part_of  <this>
- Tissue  surrounds  <this>
--- 19 rows ---

  Cell Component
Details[Definition]
A part of a cell or the intercellular matrix, generally visible by light microscopy.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Golgi Apparatus; Microsomes; Organelles


[Relationships]
- Body Space or Junction  location_of  <this>
- <this>  part_of  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  adjacent_to  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  location_of  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Body System
- <this>  part_of  Cell
- <this>  surrounds  <this>
- <this>  adjacent_to  <this>
- <this>  part_of  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  affects  Physiologic Function
- <this>  location_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
- <this>  part_of  Tissue
- Gene or Genome  part_of  <this>
- Genetic Function  produces  <this>
- Tissue  surrounds  <this>
--- 16 rows ---

  Gene or Genome
Details[Definition]
A specific sequence, or in the case of the genome the complete sequence, of nucleotides along a molecule of DNA or RNA (in the case of some viruses) which represent the functional units of heredity.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Genes, Structural; Genome, Human; c-Ha-ras Genes


[Relationships]
- Amino Acid Sequence  property_of  <this>
- <this>  part_of  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  part_of  Cell
- <this>  part_of  Cell Component
- <this>  consists_of  <this>
- <this>  carries_out  Molecular Function
- <this>  affects  Physiologic Function
- <this>  part_of  Tissue
- Nucleotide Sequence  property_of  <this>
--- 9 rows ---

Manufactured Object
Details[Definition]
A physical object made by human beings.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Car Seats; Cooking and Eating Utensils; Bulldozer; Air freshener


[Relationships]
- Diagnostic Procedure  uses  <this>
- Group  produces  <this>
- Group  uses  <this>
- <this>  causes  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  causes  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  causes  Pathologic Function
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  uses  <this>
--- 7 rows ---

Medical Device
Details[Definition]
A manufactured object used primarily in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of physiologic or anatomic disorders.


[Usage Notes]
A medical device may be used for research purposes, but since its primary use is for routine medical care, it is distinguished from a 'Research Device' which is used primarily for research purposes.


[Examples]
Bone Screws; Obstetrical Forceps; Oxygenators; Infusion Pumps, Multichannel


[Relationships]
- <this>  treats  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  treats  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  prevents  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  prevents  Pathologic Function
- <this>  treats  Pathologic Function
- <this>  treats  Sign or Symptom
--- 6 rows ---

  Drug Delivery Device
Details[Definition]
A medical device that contains a clinical drug or drugs.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 28 Tablets; Heparin sodium 10,000iu/0.4mL prefilled syringe; METHYLPREDNISOLONE 16MG TAB ADT-PAK,14; Benzalkonium Chloride Wipes; EPINEPHRINE 1 MG/ML Intramuscular kit


[Relationships]
- <this>  contains  Clinical Drug
--- 1 row ---

  Research Device
Details[Definition]
A manufactured object used primarily in carrying out scientific research or experimentation.


[Usage Notes]
A research device is distinguished from a 'Medical Device', which though it may be used for research purposes is used primarily for routine medical care.


[Examples]
Cell-Free System; Cytometers, Automated, Flow; DNA Microarrays


[Relationships]
- Research Activity  uses  <this>
--- 1 row ---

  Clinical Drug
Details[Definition]
A pharmaceutical preparation as produced by the manufacturer. The name usually includes the substance, its strength, and the form, but may include the substance and only one of the other two items.


[Usage Notes]
Do not double type with Pharmacologic Substance, Antibiotic, or other chemical semantic types.


[Examples]
Zovirax Cold Sore 5% cream; sleeping pill; Acetohexamide 250 MG Oral Tablet


[Relationships]
- Drug Delivery Device  contains  <this>
- Substance  ingredient_of  <this>
--- 2 rows ---

Substance
Details[Definition]
A material with definite or fairly definite chemical composition.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Air <1>; Foreign Bodies; Fossils; Copper dust


[Relationships]
- Laboratory or Test Result  measurement_of  <this>
- <this>  causes  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  ingredient_of  Clinical Drug
- <this>  causes  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  causes  Pathologic Function
--- 5 rows ---

Chemical
Details[Definition]
Compounds or substances of definite molecular composition. Chemicals are viewed from two distinct perspectives in the network, functionally and structurally. Almost every chemical concept is assigned at least two types, generally one from the structure hierarchy and at least one from the function hierarchy.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- <this>  interacts_with  <this>
- <this>  affects  Natural Phenomenon or Process
- Diagnostic Procedure  assesses_effect_of  <this>
- Diagnostic Procedure  analyzes  <this>
- Diagnostic Procedure  measures  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  analyzes  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  assesses_effect_of  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  measures  <this>
- Research Activity  measures  <this>
--- 9 rows ---

Chemical Viewed Functionally
Details[Definition]
A chemical viewed from the perspective of its functional characteristics or pharmacological activities.


[Usage Notes]
A specific chemical will not be assigned here. Groupings of chemicals viewed functionally, such as "Aerosol Propellants" may appropriately be assigned here. A name that is inherently functional, such as "Food Additives", will not also be assigned a type from the 'Chemical Viewed Structurally' hierarchy.


[Examples]
Aerosol Propellants; Food Additives; Soaps


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Pharmacologic Substance
Details[Definition]
A substance used in the treatment or prevention of pathologic disorders. This includes substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically.


[Usage Notes]
If a substance is both endogenous and typically used as a drug, then this type and the type 'Biologically Active Substance' or one of its children are assigned. Body substances that are used therapeutically such as whole blood preparation, NOS would only receive the type 'Body Substance'. Substances used in the diagnosis or analysis of normal and abnormal body functions should be given the type 'Indicator, Reagent, or Diagnostic Aid'.


[Examples]
Antiemetics; Cardiovascular Agents; Codeine; Morphine Sulfate


[Relationships]
- Diagnostic Procedure  uses  <this>
- <this>  complicates  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  treats  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  complicates  Biologic Function
- <this>  disrupts  Embryonic Structure
- <this>  disrupts  Fully Formed Anatomical Structure
- <this>  complicates  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  treats  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  prevents  Pathologic Function
- <this>  treats  Pathologic Function
- <this>  diagnoses  Pathologic Function
- <this>  disrupts  Physiologic Function
- <this>  treats  Sign or Symptom
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  uses  <this>
--- 14 rows ---

  Antibiotic
Details[Definition]
A pharmacologically active compound produced by growing microorganisms which kill or inhibit growth of other microorganisms.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Antibiotics; Cephalosporins; Methicillin


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Biomedical or Dental Material
Details[Definition]
A substance used in biomedicine or dentistry predominantly for its physical, as opposed to chemical, properties. Included here are biocompatible materials, tissue adhesives, bone cements, resins, toothpastes, etc.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Anion Exchange Resins; Bone Cements; Dental Casting Investment; Elastosil


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Biologically Active Substance
Details[Definition]
A generally endogenous substance produced or required by an organism, of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the organism that produces it.


[Usage Notes]
If a substance is both endogenous and typically used as a drug, then this type and the type 'Pharmacologic Substance' are assigned.


[Examples]
Enzyme Precursors; Gastric Acid; Growth Substances


[Relationships]
- Bacterium  location_of  <this>
- Biologic Function  produces  <this>
- <this>  complicates  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  complicates  Biologic Function
- <this>  disrupts  Embryonic Structure
- <this>  disrupts  Fully Formed Anatomical Structure
- <this>  complicates  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  disrupts  Physiologic Function
- <this>  associated_with  Virus
- Fully Formed Anatomical Structure  produces  <this>
- Fungus  location_of  <this>
- Plant  location_of  <this>
- Rickettsia or Chlamydia  location_of  <this>
- Virus  location_of  <this>
--- 14 rows ---

  Neuroreactive Substance or Biogenic Amine
Details[Definition]
An endogenous substance whose activities affect or play an important role in the functioning of the nervous system. Included here are catecholamines, neuroregulators, neurophysins, etc.


[Usage Notes]
Unlike many of the other types under 'Biologically Active Substance', do not assign this type to drugs that are used on the nervous system unless the compound is endogenous.


[Examples]
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Neurotensin


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Hormone
Details[Definition]
In animals, a chemical usually secreted by an endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. Hormones act as chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad classes, steroid hormones and peptide hormones.


[Usage Notes]
Synthetic hormones that are used as drugs should receive this type and 'Pharmacologic Substance'. Plant hormones are assigned only to the type 'Pharmacologic Substance'.


[Examples]
Glucocorticoids; Gonadotropins; Pentagastrin


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Enzyme
Details[Definition]
A complex chemical, usually a protein, that is produced by living cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.


[Usage Notes]
Generally when a concept is assigned to this type, it will also be assigned to the type 'Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein'.


[Examples]
Complement Activating Enzymes; Glucose Oxidase; leukocyte esterase


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Vitamin
Details[Definition]
A substance, usually an organic chemical complex, present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of man or other higher animals. Included here are vitamin precursors, provitamins, and vitamin supplements.


[Usage Notes]
Essential amino acids are not assigned to this type. They will be assigned to the type 'Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein'. This can be used with 'Pharmacologic Substance' if the compound is being administered therapeutically or if the source has it classified as therapeutic (i.e., N'ICE Sugarless Vitamin C Drops).


[Examples]
25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Biotin; Pantothenic Acid; Retinol <1>; Folinic acid preparation


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Immunologic Factor
Details[Definition]
A biologically active substance whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.


[Usage Notes]
Antigens and antibodies are assigned to this type. Unlike most biologically active substances, some immunologic factors may be exogenous. Vaccines should be given this type and the type 'Pharmacologic Substance'.


[Examples]
Antilymphocyte Globulin; Autocrine Motility Factor; Blood group antibody 754


[Relationships]
- <this>  indicates  Bacterium
- <this>  indicates  Pathologic Function
- <this>  indicates  Rickettsia or Chlamydia
- <this>  indicates  Virus
--- 4 rows ---

  Receptor
Details[Definition]
A specific structure or site on the cell surface or within its cytoplasm that recognizes and binds with other specific molecules. These include the proteins on the surface of an immunocompetent cell that binds with antigens, or proteins found on the surface molecules that bind with hormones or neurotransmitters and react with other molecules that respond in a specific way.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Adenosine A2 Receptor; Integrin alphaXbeta2; T-Cell Receptors alpha-Chain


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Indicator, Reagent, or Diagnostic Aid
Details[Definition]
A substance primarily of interest for its use in laboratory or diagnostic tests and procedures to detect, measure, examine, or analyze other chemicals, processes, or conditions.


[Usage Notes]
Radioactive imaging agents should be assigned to this type and not to the type 'Pharmacologic Substance' unless they are also being used therapeutically.


[Examples]
Congo Red; Dansyl Compounds


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Hazardous or Poisonous Substance
Details[Definition]
A substance of concern because of its potentially hazardous or toxic effects. This would include most drugs of abuse, as well as agents that require special handling because of their toxicity.


[Usage Notes]
Most pharmaceutical agents, although potentially harmful, are excluded here and are assigned to the type 'Pharmacologic Substance'. All pesticides are assigned to this type.


[Examples]
Carcinogens; Paraquat; Sodium Cyanide; Crack Cocaine


[Relationships]
- <this>  complicates  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  complicates  Biologic Function
- <this>  disrupts  Embryonic Structure
- <this>  disrupts  Fully Formed Anatomical Structure
- <this>  complicates  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  disrupts  Physiologic Function
--- 6 rows ---

Chemical Viewed Structurally
Details[Definition]
A chemical or chemicals viewed from the perspective of their structural characteristics. Included here are concepts which can mean either a salt, an ion, or a compound (e.g., "Bromates" and "Bromides").


[Usage Notes]
Concepts are assigned to this type if they can be both organic and inorganic, e.g. sulfur compounds. Do not use this type if the concept has an important functional aspect, e.g., "Mylanta Double Strength Liquid" contains Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, and simethicone, but would be assigned only to 'Pharmacologic Substance'.


[Examples]
Ammonium Compounds; Cations; Siloxanes; Sulfur Compounds


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Organic Chemical
Details[Definition]
The general class of carbon-containing compounds, usually based on carbon chains or rings, and also containing hydrogen (hydrocarbons), with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or other elements in which the bonding between elements is generally covalent.


[Usage Notes]
Salts of organic chemicals (such as Calcium Acetate) would be considered organic chemicals and should not also receive the type 'Inorganic Chemical'.


[Examples]
Benzene Derivatives; Busulfan; Methane; Toluene


[Relationships]
- Body Substance  consists_of  <this>
- Fully Formed Anatomical Structure  produces  <this>
--- 2 rows ---

  Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide
Details[Definition]
A complex compound of high molecular weight occurring in living cells. These are basically of two types, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA) acids. Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides (nitrogen-containing base, a 5-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate group) linked together by a phosphodiester bond between the 5' and 3' carbon atoms. Nucleosides are compounds composed of a purine or pyrimidine base (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil) linked to either a ribose or a deoxyribose sugar.


[Usage Notes]
If this type has been assigned, the type 'Organophosphorus Compound' will not also be assigned. Naturally occurring nucleic acids, nucleosides, or nucleotides will also be assigned a type from the 'Biologically Active Substance' hierarchy.


[Examples]
Adenosine; Guanine Nucleotides; Nicotinamide Mononucleotide


[Relationships]
- Nucleotide Sequence  property_of  <this>
--- 1 row ---

  Organophosphorus Compound
Details[Definition]
An organic compound containing phosphorus as a constituent. Included here are organic phosphinic, phosphonic and phosphoric acid derivatives and their thiophosphorus counterparts. Excluded are phospholipids, sugar phosphates, phosphoproteins, nucleotides, and nucleic acids.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Diphosphonates; Phosphonoacetic Acid; Phosphoric Acid Esters; Thiamine Triphosphate


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein
Details[Definition]
Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages.


[Usage Notes]
When the concept is both an enzyme and a protein, this type and the type 'Enzyme' will be assigned.


[Examples]
Acetylcysteine; Glycoproteins; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; glycylglutamine


[Relationships]
- Amino Acid Sequence  property_of  <this>
- <this>  consists_of  <this>
--- 2 rows ---

  Carbohydrate
Details[Definition]
A generic term that includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more terminal group to carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy groups by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. It also includes derivatives of these compounds. Included here are sugar phosphates. Excluded are glycolipids and glycoproteins.


[Usage Notes]
Glycoproteins should only be typed as 'Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein'. Sugar phosphates should only be typed as 'Carbohydrate'. Glycolipids should only be typed as 'Lipid'.


[Examples]
Deoxyglucose; Glycosides; Polysaccharides; Sepharose


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Lipid
Details[Definition]
An inclusive group of fat or fat-derived substances that are soluble in nonpolar solvents related to fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, sterols, waxes, etc. Included in this group are the saponifiable lipids such as glycerides (fats and oils), essential (volatile) oils, and phospholipids.


[Usage Notes]
Phospholipids should not also be typed with 'Organophosphorus Compound'. Fatty acids are composed of a chain of alkyl groups containing from 4-22 carbon atoms (usually even-numbered) and characterized by a terminal carboxyl group.


[Examples]
Ceroid; Glycerides; Sphingolipids


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Steroid
Details[Definition]
One of a group of polycyclic, 17-carbon-atom, fused-ring compounds occurring both in natural and synthetic forms. Included here are naturally occurring and synthetic steroids, bufanolides, cardanolides, homosteroids, norsteroids, and secosteroids.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Bufanolides; Ketosteroids; Norandrostanes; Prednisone


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Eicosanoid
Details[Definition]
An oxygenated metabolite from polyunsaturated 20 carbon fatty acids including lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products and their synthetic analogs. This includes the prostaglandins and thromboxanes.


[Usage Notes]
Naturally occurring eicosanoids will also be assigned to a type from the 'Biologically Active Substance' hierarchy. Synthetic eicosanoids will also be assigned to the type 'Pharmacologic Substance'.


[Examples]
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Alprostadil; Thromboxane A2; Rioprostil


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Inorganic Chemical
Details[Definition]
Chemical elements and their compounds, excluding the hydrocarbons and their derivatives (except carbides, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates and carbon disulfide). Generally inorganic compounds contain ionic bonds. Included here are inorganic acids and salts, alloys, alkalies, and minerals.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Carbonic Acid; Sodium Chloride; Talc


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Element, Ion, or Isotope
Details[Definition]
One of the 109 presently known fundamental substances that comprise all matter at and above the atomic level. This includes elemental metals, rare gases, and most abundant naturally occurring radioactive elements, as well as the ionic counterparts of elements (NA+, Cl-), and the less abundant isotopic forms. This does not include organic ions such as iodoacetate to which the type 'Organic Chemical' is assigned.


[Usage Notes]
Group terms such as sulfates would be assigned to the type 'Chemical Viewed Structurally'. Substances such as aluminum chloride would be assigned the type 'Inorganic Chemical'. Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin would not receive this type.


[Examples]
Carbon; Chromium Isotopes; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Deuterium; Radioisotopes; Uranium


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Body Substance
Details[Definition]
Extracellular material, or mixtures of cells and extracellular material, produced, excreted, or accreted by the body. Included here are substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, and gastric acid.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Amniotic Fluid; Saliva; Bronchial washings


[Relationships]
- Biologic Function  produces  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  connected_to  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  consists_of  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  contains  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  location_of  <this>
- <this>  part_of  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  consists_of  <this>
- <this>  part_of  <this>
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Body System
- <this>  surrounds  Embryonic Structure
- <this>  consists_of  Organic Chemical
- <this>  derivative_of  Tissue
- Diagnostic Procedure  analyzes  <this>
- Diagnostic Procedure  measures  <this>
- Embryonic Structure  contains  <this>
- Fully Formed Anatomical Structure  contains  <this>
- Fully Formed Anatomical Structure  produces  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  analyzes  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  measures  <this>
- Research Activity  measures  <this>
- Tissue  surrounds  <this>
--- 21 rows ---

  Food
Details[Definition]
Any substance generally containing nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a living organism and metabolized into energy and body tissue. Some foods are naturally occurring, others are either partially or entirely made by humans.


[Usage Notes]
Food additives, food preservatives, and food dyes should be given the type 'Chemical Viewed Functionally'; "Diet Coke" would be assigned this type.


[Examples]
Beverages; Egg Yolk; Margarine; Nuts


[Relationships]
- <this>  affects  Biologic Function
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  uses  <this>
--- 2 rows ---

Conceptual Entity
Details[Definition]
A broad type for grouping abstract entities or concepts.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Idea or Concept
Details[Definition]
An abstract concept, such as a social, religious or philosophical concept.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Capitalism; Civil Rights; ethics <1>; Freedom; Spiritualism


[Relationships]
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Behavior
- <this>  result_of  Mental Process
- Individual Behavior  conceptually_related_to  <this>
--- 3 rows ---

  Temporal Concept
Details[Definition]
A concept which pertains to time or duration.


[Usage Notes]
If the concept refers to a phase, stage, cycle, interval, period, or rhythm, it is assigned to this type.


[Examples]
Birth Intervals; Half-Life; Postimplantation Phase; Postoperative Period; Puerperium


[Relationships]
- Diagnostic Procedure  measures  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  measures  <this>
- Organ or Tissue Function  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Organism Function  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Physiologic Function  occurs_in  <this>
- Research Activity  measures  <this>
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Cell Function
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Organ or Tissue Function
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Organism Function
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  <this>
--- 10 rows ---

  Qualitative Concept
Details[Definition]
A concept which is an assessment of some quality, rather than a direct measurement.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Clinical Competence; Consumer Satisfaction; Esthetics, Dental; Health Status


[Relationships]
- <this>  evaluation_of  Activity
--- 1 row ---

  Quantitative Concept
Details[Definition]
A concept which involves the dimensions, quantity or capacity of something using some unit of measure, or which involves the quantitative comparison of entities.


[Usage Notes]
If the concept refers to rate or distribution, the type 'Temporal Concept' is not also assigned.


[Examples]
Age Distribution; Body Height; Metric System; Secretory Rate


[Relationships]
- Diagnostic Procedure  measures  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  measures  <this>
- <this>  measurement_of  Physiologic Function
- <this>  measurement_of  Spatial Concept
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
- Research Activity  measures  <this>
--- 6 rows ---

Functional Concept
Details[Definition]
A concept which is of interest because it pertains to the carrying out of a process or activity.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Interviewer Effect; Problem Formulation; Endogenous; Responsive


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Body System
Details[Definition]
A complex of anatomical structures that performs a common function.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Limbic System; Renin-Angiotensin System; Reticuloendothelial System; Skeletal system


[Relationships]
- Body Location or Region  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Body Substance  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Fully Formed Anatomical Structure
- Cell  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Cell Component  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Tissue  conceptual_part_of  <this>
--- 9 rows ---

Spatial Concept
Details[Definition]
A location, region, or space, generally having definite boundaries.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Mandibular Rest Position; Lateral; Bicoronal


[Relationships]
- Quantitative Concept  measurement_of  <this>
--- 1 row ---

  Body Space or Junction
Details[Definition]
An area enclosed or surrounded by body parts or organs or the place where two anatomical structures meet or connect.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Knee Joint; Peritoneal Cavity; Synapses; Canal of Hering; Held's space


[Relationships]
- Body Location or Region  adjacent_to  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  adjacent_to  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  connected_to  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  interconnects  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  location_of  <this>
- <this>  location_of  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  location_of  Biologic Function
- <this>  contains  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  part_of  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  location_of  <this>
- <this>  surrounds  <this>
- <this>  adjacent_to  <this>
- <this>  contains  Body Substance
- <this>  location_of  Body Substance
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Body System
- <this>  interconnects  Cell
- <this>  surrounds  Cell
- <this>  location_of  Cell Component
- <this>  location_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Fully Formed Anatomical Structure
- <this>  location_of  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  location_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
- <this>  contains  Tissue
- <this>  connected_to  Tissue
- Cell  location_of  <this>
- Cell Component  adjacent_to  <this>
- Cell Component  location_of  <this>
- Tissue  adjacent_to  <this>
- Tissue  location_of  <this>
- Tissue  surrounds  <this>
--- 30 rows ---

  Body Location or Region
Details[Definition]
An area, subdivision, or region of the body demarcated for the purpose of topographical description.


[Usage Notes]
When assigning this type, consider whether 'Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component' might be the correct choice.


[Examples]
Forehead; Base of left lung; Anterior chest wall; Lateral surface of thumb; Lower anterior segment of dental arch


[Relationships]
- <this>  location_of  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  location_of  Biologic Function
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- <this>  adjacent_to  <this>
- <this>  traverses  <this>
- <this>  location_of  <this>
- <this>  connected_to  <this>
- <this>  adjacent_to  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  location_of  Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component
- <this>  adjacent_to  Body Space or Junction
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Body System
- <this>  location_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Fully Formed Anatomical Structure
- <this>  location_of  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  location_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
- <this>  location_of  Tissue
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  location_of  <this>
--- 17 rows ---

Molecular Sequence
Details[Definition]
A broad type for grouping the collected sequences of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotide sequences. Descriptions of these sequences are generally reported in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GenBank, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Nucleotide Sequence
Details[Definition]
The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. Included here are nucleotide-rich regions, conserved sequence, and DNA transforming region.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Base Sequence; Direct Repeat; RNA Sequence; Regulatory sequence


[Relationships]
- <this>  property_of  Gene or Genome
- <this>  property_of  Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide
- <this>  part_of  <this>
--- 3 rows ---

  Amino Acid Sequence
Details[Definition]
The sequence of amino acids as arrayed in chains, sheets, etc., within the protein molecule. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein structure.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Signal Sequences, Peptide; arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid; Homologous Sequences, Amino Acid


[Relationships]
- <this>  property_of  Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein
- <this>  property_of  Gene or Genome
--- 2 rows ---

  Carbohydrate Sequence
Details[Definition]
The sequence of carbohydrates within polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Abnormal carbohydrate sequence; L-rhamnosyl-epsilon-rhodomycinone


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Geographic Area
Details[Definition]
A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Americas; Arctic Regions; Baltimore; Canada; Far East


[Relationships]
- Behavior  associated_with  <this>
- <this>  associated_with  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  associated_with  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  associated_with  Pathologic Function
--- 4 rows ---

Finding
Details[Definition]
That which is discovered by direct observation or measurement of an organism attribute or condition, including the clinical history of the patient. The history of the presence of a disease is a 'Finding' and is distinguished from the disease itself.


[Usage Notes]
Only in rare circumstances will findings be double-typed with either 'Pathologic Function' or 'Anatomical Abnormality'. Most findings will be assigned the types 'Laboratory or Test Result' or 'Sign or Symptom'. Only those findings that relate to patient history or to the determination of a state will be assigned the type 'Finding'.


[Examples]
Birth History; Downward displacement of diaphragm; Decreased capillary fragility; Absent tendon reflex


[Relationships]
- <this>  associated_with  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  manifestation_of  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  evaluation_of  Biologic Function
- <this>  manifestation_of  Biologic Function
- <this>  co-occurs_with  <this>
- <this>  manifestation_of  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  associated_with  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  evaluation_of  Organism Attribute
- <this>  associated_with  Pathologic Function
--- 9 rows ---

  Laboratory or Test Result
Details[Definition]
The outcome of a specific test to measure an attribute or to determine the presence, absence, or degree of a condition.


[Usage Notes]
Laboratory or test results are considered inherently quantitative and, thus, are not assigned the additional type 'Quantitative Concept'.


[Examples]
Forced Expiratory Volume; Abnormal skin pH; Blood carbon monoxide level; Serum sodium level


[Relationships]
- <this>  indicates  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  indicates  Biologic Function
- <this>  result_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  indicates  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  result_of  Laboratory Procedure
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- <this>  measurement_of  Physiologic Function
- <this>  measurement_of  Substance
--- 8 rows ---

  Sign or Symptom
Details[Definition]
An observable manifestation of a disease or condition based on clinical judgment, or a manifestation of a disease or condition which is experienced by the patient and reported as a subjective observation.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Dyspnea; Nausea; Pain; Pallor; Homans' sign


[Relationships]
- Medical Device  treats  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  treats  <this>
- <this>  diagnoses  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  diagnoses  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  diagnoses  Pathologic Function
- <this>  degree_of  <this>
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  treats  <this>
--- 7 rows ---

Organism Attribute
Details[Definition]
A property of the organism or its major parts.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Ambidexterity; Body Weight; Eye Color


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Abnormality  associated_with  <this>
- Behavior  associated_with  <this>
- Diagnostic Procedure  measures  <this>
- Finding  evaluation_of  <this>
- Injury or Poisoning  associated_with  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  measures  <this>
- <this>  property_of  Organism
- <this>  associated_with  <this>
- <this>  degree_of  <this>
- <this>  result_of  Phenomenon or Process
- <this>  measurement_of  Physiologic Function
- <this>  manifestation_of  Physiologic Function
- Pathologic Function  associated_with  <this>
- Physiologic Function  affects  <this>
- Research Activity  measures  <this>
--- 15 rows ---

  Clinical Attribute
Details[Definition]
An observable or measurable property or state of an organism of clinical interest.


[Usage Notes]
These are the attributes that are being evaluated or measured, not the results of the evaluation.


[Examples]
body density; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE:CATALYTIC CONCENTRATION:POINT IN TIME:SERUM/PLASMA:QUANTITATIVE:WITHOUT P-5'-P; urine acidity


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Intellectual Product
Details[Definition]
A conceptual entity resulting from human endeavor. Concepts assigned to this type generally refer to information created by humans for some purpose.


[Usage Notes]
Concepts referring to theorems, models, and systems are assigned here. In some cases, a concept may be assigned to both 'Intellectual Product' and 'Research Activity'. For example, the concept "Comparative Study" might be viewed as both an activity and the result, or product, of that activity.


[Examples]
Decision Support Techniques; Information Systems; Literature; Population Projection


[Relationships]
- Group  produces  <this>
- Group  uses  <this>
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Organization  produces  <this>
--- 5 rows ---

  Classification
Details[Definition]
A term or system of terms denoting an arrangement by class or category.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Chemicals and Drugs (MeSH Category); Axis I; Gleason grade 2; C1 certainty


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Regulation or Law
Details[Definition]
An intellectual product resulting from legislative or regulatory activity.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Building Codes; Criminal Law; Health Planning Guidelines; Security Measures


[Relationships]
- <this>  affects  Group
- <this>  affects  Organization
--- 2 rows ---

  Language
Details[Definition]
The system of communication used by a particular nation or people.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Afrikaans language; braille; Greek language; Adamawa language


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Occupation or Discipline
Details[Definition]
A vocation, academic discipline, or field of study, or a subpart of an occupation or discipline.


[Usage Notes]
If the concept refers to the individuals who have the vocation, the type 'Professional or Occupational Group' will be assigned instead.


[Examples]
Aviation; Craniology; Ecology; Linguistics


[Relationships]
- Behavior  associated_with  <this>
- Entity  issue_in  <this>
- Event  issue_in  <this>
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Occupational Activity  method_of  <this>
- Professional or Occupational Group  practices  <this>
--- 6 rows ---

  Biomedical Occupation or Discipline
Details[Definition]
A vocation, academic discipline, or field of study related to biomedicine.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Adolescent Medicine; Cellular Neurobiology; Dentistry; Dermatology; Emergency Nursing


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Organization
Details[Definition]
The result of uniting for a common purpose or function. The continued existence of an organization is not dependent on any of its members, its location, or particular facility. Components or subparts of organizations are also included here. Although the names of organizations are sometimes used to refer to the buildings in which they reside, they are not inherently physical in nature.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Labor Unions; United Nations; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Universities; European Economic Community


[Relationships]
- <this>  produces  Intellectual Product
- <this>  location_of  Occupational Activity
- <this>  carries_out  Occupational Activity
- Professional or Occupational Group  manages  <this>
- Regulation or Law  affects  <this>
--- 5 rows ---

  Health Care Related Organization
Details[Definition]
An established organization which carries out specific functions related to health care delivery or research in the life sciences.


[Usage Notes]
Concepts for health care related professional societies are assigned the type 'Professional Society'.


[Examples]
Ambulatory Care Facilities; American Cancer Society; Health Care Coalitions; Pan American Health Organization


[Relationships]
- <this>  manages  Patient or Disabled Group
--- 1 row ---

  Professional Society
Details[Definition]
An organization uniting those who have a common vocation or who are involved with a common field of study.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
American Medical Association; International Council of Nurses; Library Associations


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Self-help or Relief Organization
Details[Definition]
An organization whose purpose and function is to provide assistance to the needy or to offer support to those sharing similar problems.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Alcoholics Anonymous; Charities; Red Cross; Tuberculosis Societies


[Relationships]
- <this>  manages  Patient or Disabled Group
--- 1 row ---

  Group Attribute
Details[Definition]
A conceptual entity which refers to the frequency or distribution of certain characteristics or phenomena in certain groups.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Family Size; Group Structure; Life Expectancy; Neonatal Mortality


[Relationships]
- Behavior  associated_with  <this>
- <this>  property_of  Group
--- 2 rows ---

Group
Details[Definition]
A conceptual entity referring to the classification of individuals according to certain shared characteristics.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Abnormality  occurs_in  <this>
- Behavior  associated_with  <this>
- <this>  performs  Activity
- <this>  exhibits  Behavior
- <this>  interacts_with  <this>
- <this>  produces  Intellectual Product
- <this>  uses  Intellectual Product
- <this>  produces  Manufactured Object
- <this>  uses  Manufactured Object
- Group Attribute  property_of  <this>
- Injury or Poisoning  occurs_in  <this>
- Pathologic Function  occurs_in  <this>
- Regulation or Law  affects  <this>
--- 13 rows ---

  Professional or Occupational Group
Details[Definition]
An individual or individuals classified according to their vocation.


[Usage Notes]
If the concept refers to the discipline or vocation itself, rather than to the individuals who have the vocation, then the type 'Occupation or Discipline' will be assigned instead.


[Examples]
Clergy; Demographers; Hospital Volunteers; Military Personnel; Physicians; Zoologist


[Relationships]
- <this>  practices  Occupation or Discipline
- <this>  manages  Organization
- <this>  diagnoses  Pathologic Function
- <this>  treats  Patient or Disabled Group
--- 4 rows ---

  Population Group
Details[Definition]
An indivdual or individuals classified according to their sex, racial origin, religion, common place of living, financial or social status, or some other cultural or behavioral attribute.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Asian Americans; Ethnic Groups; Low-Income Population; Adult Offenders


[Relationships]
- <this>  associated_with  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  associated_with  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  associated_with  Pathologic Function
--- 3 rows ---

  Family Group
Details[Definition]
An individual or individuals classified according to their family relationships or relative position in the family unit.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Only Child; Siblings; Single Parent; Surrogate Mothers


[Relationships]
- Organism Function  produces  <this>
--- 1 row ---

  Age Group
Details[Definition]
An individual or individuals classified according to their age.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Adult; Aged, 80 and over; Infant, Premature; Adolescent


[Relationships]
- Organism Function  produces  <this>
--- 1 row ---

  Patient or Disabled Group
Details[Definition]
An individual or individuals classified according to a disability, disease, condition or treatment.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Amputees; Child, Institutionalized; Chronically Ill; Mentally Ill Persons


[Relationships]
- Diagnostic Procedure  affects  <this>
- Health Care Related Organization  manages  <this>
- Professional or Occupational Group  treats  <this>
- Self-help or Relief Organization  manages  <this>
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  affects  <this>
--- 5 rows ---

Event
Details[Definition]
A broad type for grouping activities, processes and states.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- <this>  issue_in  Occupation or Discipline
--- 1 row ---

Activity
Details[Definition]
An operation or series of operations that an organism or machine carries out or participates in.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type. Wherever possible, one of the more specific types from this hierarchy will be chosen. For concepts assigned to this type, the focus of interest is on the activity. When the focus of interest is the individual or group that is carrying out the activity, then a type from the 'Behavior' hierarchy will be chosen. In general, concepts will not receive a type from both the 'Activity' and the 'Behavior' hierarchies.


[Examples]
Expeditions; Information Distribution; Social Planning; Return Migration


[Relationships]
- Group  performs  <this>
- Qualitative Concept  evaluation_of  <this>
--- 2 rows ---

Behavior
Details[Definition]
Any of the psycho-social activities of humans or animals that can be observed directly by others or can be made systematically observable by the use of special strategies.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type. For concepts assigned to the 'Behavior' hierarchy, the focus of interest is on the individual or group that is carrying out the activity. When the activity is of paramount interest, then a type from the 'Activity' hierarchy will be chosen. In general, concepts will not receive a type from both the 'Behavior' and the 'Activity' hierarchies.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- Acquired Abnormality  result_of  <this>
- Animal  exhibits  <this>
- <this>  affects  <this>
- <this>  associated_with  Geographic Area
- <this>  associated_with  Group
- <this>  associated_with  Group Attribute
- <this>  affects  Mental Process
- <this>  manifestation_of  Mental Process
- <this>  result_of  Mental Process
- <this>  manifestation_of  Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
- <this>  associated_with  Occupation or Discipline
- <this>  associated_with  Organism Attribute
- Group  exhibits  <this>
- Idea or Concept  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Injury or Poisoning  result_of  <this>
- Mental Process  affects  <this>
- Mental Process  result_of  <this>
- Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction  affects  <this>
- Pathologic Function  result_of  <this>
--- 19 rows ---

  Social Behavior
Details[Definition]
Behavior that is a direct result or function of the interaction of humans or animals with their fellows. This includes behavior that may be considered anti-social.


[Usage Notes]
'Social Behavior' requires the direct participation of others and is, thus, distinguished from 'Individual Behavior' which is carried out by an individual, though others may be present.


[Examples]
Acculturation; Communication; Infanticide; Interpersonal Relations; Social Conformity


[Relationships]
- Individual Behavior  process_of  <this>
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  <this>
--- 2 rows ---

  Individual Behavior
Details[Definition]
Behavior exhibited by a human or an animal that is not a direct result of interaction with other members of the species, but which may have an effect on others.


[Usage Notes]
'Individual Behavior' is carried out by an individual, though others may be present, and is, thus, distinguished from 'Social Behavior' which requires the direct participation of others.


[Examples]
Assertiveness; Fingersucking; Risk-Taking; Self Disclosure


[Relationships]
- <this>  associated_with  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  conceptually_related_to  Idea or Concept
- <this>  associated_with  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  associated_with  Pathologic Function
- <this>  process_of  Social Behavior
--- 5 rows ---

  Daily or Recreational Activity
Details[Definition]
An activity carried out for recreation or exercise, or as part of daily life.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Mountaineering; Sports; Swimming; Daily shaving


[Relationships]
- <this>  associated_with  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  associated_with  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  associated_with  Pathologic Function
--- 3 rows ---

Occupational Activity
Details[Definition]
An activity carried out as part of an occupation or job.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Collective Bargaining; Commerce; Containment of Biohazards


[Relationships]
- <this>  associated_with  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  associated_with  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  method_of  Occupation or Discipline
- <this>  associated_with  Pathologic Function
- Organization  carries_out  <this>
- Organization  location_of  <this>
--- 6 rows ---

Health Care Activity
Details[Definition]
An activity of or relating to the practice of medicine or involving the care of patients.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Ambulatory Care; Clinic Activities; Geriatric Nursing; Preventive Health Services


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Abnormality  result_of  <this>
- <this>  affects  Biologic Function
- Injury or Poisoning  result_of  <this>
- Pathologic Function  result_of  <this>
--- 4 rows ---

  Laboratory Procedure
Details[Definition]
A procedure, method, or technique used to determine the composition, quantity, or concentration of a specimen, and which is carried out in a clinical laboratory. Included here are procedures which measure the times and rates of reactions.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Radioimmunoassay; Atherogenic index calculation


[Relationships]
- <this>  diagnoses  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  measures  Body Substance
- <this>  analyzes  Body Substance
- <this>  assesses_effect_of  Chemical
- <this>  analyzes  Chemical
- <this>  measures  Chemical
- <this>  method_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  diagnoses  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  method_of  <this>
- <this>  measures  Natural Phenomenon or Process
- <this>  assesses_effect_of  Natural Phenomenon or Process
- <this>  measures  Organism Attribute
- <this>  diagnoses  Pathologic Function
- <this>  measures  Quantitative Concept
- <this>  measures  Temporal Concept
- <this>  method_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
- Laboratory or Test Result  result_of  <this>
- Machine Activity  method_of  <this>
--- 18 rows ---

  Diagnostic Procedure
Details[Definition]
A procedure, method, or technique used to determine the nature or identity of a disease or disorder. This excludes procedures which are primarily carried out on specimens in a laboratory.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Heart Auscultation; X-Ray Computed Tomography; Biopsy of skin; Rhinometry, Acoustic


[Relationships]
- Body Location or Region  location_of  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  location_of  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  location_of  <this>
- Cell  location_of  <this>
- Cell Component  location_of  <this>
- <this>  diagnoses  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  measures  Body Substance
- <this>  analyzes  Body Substance
- <this>  assesses_effect_of  Chemical
- <this>  analyzes  Chemical
- <this>  measures  Chemical
- <this>  method_of  <this>
- <this>  diagnoses  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  uses  Manufactured Object
- <this>  measures  Natural Phenomenon or Process
- <this>  measures  Organism Attribute
- <this>  diagnoses  Pathologic Function
- <this>  affects  Patient or Disabled Group
- <this>  uses  Pharmacologic Substance
- <this>  measures  Quantitative Concept
- <this>  measures  Temporal Concept
- <this>  precedes  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
- Intellectual Product  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  method_of  <this>
- Laboratory or Test Result  result_of  <this>
- Machine Activity  method_of  <this>
- Molecular Biology Research Technique  method_of  <this>
- Tissue  location_of  <this>
--- 28 rows ---

  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
Details[Definition]
A procedure, method, or technique designed to prevent a disease or a disorder, or to improve physical function, or used in the process of treating a disease or injury.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Cesarean Section; Hemodialysis; Vaccine Therapy


[Relationships]
- Body Location or Region  location_of  <this>
- Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component  location_of  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  location_of  <this>
- Cell  location_of  <this>
- Cell Component  location_of  <this>
- Diagnostic Procedure  precedes  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  method_of  <this>
- Machine Activity  method_of  <this>
- Molecular Biology Research Technique  method_of  <this>
- Quantitative Concept  conceptual_part_of  <this>
- <this>  treats  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  complicates  Biologic Function
- <this>  uses  Food
- <this>  treats  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  uses  Manufactured Object
- <this>  prevents  Pathologic Function
- <this>  treats  Pathologic Function
- <this>  affects  Patient or Disabled Group
- <this>  uses  Pharmacologic Substance
- <this>  treats  Sign or Symptom
- <this>  method_of  <this>
- Tissue  location_of  <this>
--- 22 rows ---

Research Activity
Details[Definition]
An activity carried out as part of research or experimentation.


[Usage Notes]
In some cases, a concept may be assigned to both this type and the type 'Intellectual Product'. For example, the concept "Comparative Study" might be viewed as both an activity and the result, or product, of that activity.


[Examples]
Animal Experimentation; Biomedical Research; Experimental Replication


[Relationships]
- <this>  measures  Body Substance
- <this>  measures  Chemical
- <this>  affects  Mental Process
- <this>  measures  Natural Phenomenon or Process
- <this>  measures  Organism Attribute
- <this>  measures  Quantitative Concept
- <this>  uses  Research Device
- <this>  measures  Temporal Concept
--- 8 rows ---

  Molecular Biology Research Technique
Details[Definition]
Any of the techniques used in the study of or the directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Blotting, Northern; Genetic Engineering; Heterozygote Detection; Sequence Homology Determination


[Relationships]
- <this>  method_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  method_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
--- 2 rows ---

  Governmental or Regulatory Activity
Details[Definition]
An activity carried out by officially constituted governments, or an activity related to the creation or enforcement of the rules or regulations governing some field of endeavor.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Certification; Credentialing; Facility Regulation and Control; Public Assistance


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Educational Activity
Details[Definition]
An activity related to the organization and provision of education.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Academic Training; Community Health Education; Family Planning Training; Preceptorship


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Machine Activity
Details[Definition]
An activity carried out primarily or exclusively by machines.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Computer Simulation; Equipment Failure; Natural Language Processing; Word Processing


[Relationships]
- <this>  method_of  Diagnostic Procedure
- <this>  method_of  Laboratory Procedure
- <this>  method_of  Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
--- 3 rows ---

Phenomenon or Process
Details[Definition]
A process or state which occurs naturally or as a result of an activity.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Disasters; Motor Traffic Accidents; Depolymerization


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Abnormality  result_of  <this>
- Organism Attribute  result_of  <this>
- <this>  result_of  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  result_of  <this>
--- 4 rows ---

Human-caused Phenomenon or Process
Details[Definition]
A phenomenon or process that is a result of the activities of human beings.


[Usage Notes]
If the concept refers to the activity itself, rather than the result of that activity, a type from the 'Activity' hierarchy will be assigned instead.


[Examples]
Accidents, Aviation; Baby Boom; Cultural Evolution


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Environmental Effect of Humans
Details[Definition]
A change in the natural environment that is a result of the activities of human beings.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Acid Rain; Water Pollution; Soil Degradation


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

Natural Phenomenon or Process
Details[Definition]
A phenomenon or process that occurs irrespective of the activities of human beings.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Air Movements; Antibiosis; Corrosion; Lightning


[Relationships]
- Chemical  affects  <this>
- Diagnostic Procedure  measures  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  assesses_effect_of  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  measures  <this>
- <this>  affects  <this>
- <this>  process_of  <this>
- Research Activity  measures  <this>
--- 7 rows ---

Biologic Function
Details[Definition]
A state, activity or process of the body or one of its systems or parts.


[Usage Notes]
Few concepts will be assigned to this broad type.


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Abnormality  manifestation_of  <this>
- <this>  produces  Biologically Active Substance
- <this>  produces  Body Substance
- <this>  affects  Organism
- <this>  process_of  Organism
- Biologically Active Substance  complicates  <this>
- Body Location or Region  location_of  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  location_of  <this>
- Embryonic Structure  location_of  <this>
- Finding  evaluation_of  <this>
- Finding  manifestation_of  <this>
- Food  affects  <this>
- Fully Formed Anatomical Structure  location_of  <this>
- Hazardous or Poisonous Substance  complicates  <this>
- Health Care Activity  affects  <this>
- Laboratory or Test Result  indicates  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  complicates  <this>
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  complicates  <this>
--- 18 rows ---

Physiologic Function
Details[Definition]
A normal process, activity, or state of the body.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Abnormality  affects  <this>
- Biologically Active Substance  disrupts  <this>
- Cell Component  affects  <this>
- Gene or Genome  affects  <this>
- Hazardous or Poisonous Substance  disrupts  <this>
- Injury or Poisoning  disrupts  <this>
- Laboratory or Test Result  measurement_of  <this>
- Organism Attribute  manifestation_of  <this>
- Organism Attribute  measurement_of  <this>
- Pathologic Function  manifestation_of  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  disrupts  <this>
- <this>  affects  Organism Attribute
- <this>  co-occurs_with  <this>
- <this>  precedes  <this>
- <this>  occurs_in  Temporal Concept
- Quantitative Concept  measurement_of  <this>
--- 16 rows ---

Organism Function
Details[Definition]
A physiologic function of the organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems, or of multiple organs or tissues.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Breeding; Hibernation; Homeostasis; High altitude acclimation


[Relationships]
- Organ or Tissue Function  occurs_in  <this>
- <this>  produces  Age Group
- <this>  produces  Family Group
- <this>  degree_of  <this>
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Temporal Concept
- Temporal Concept  conceptual_part_of  <this>
--- 6 rows ---

  Mental Process
Details[Definition]
A physiologic function involving the mind or cognitive processing.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Anger; Auditory Fatigue; Avoidance Learning; Cognition


[Relationships]
- Behavior  affects  <this>
- Behavior  manifestation_of  <this>
- Behavior  result_of  <this>
- Idea or Concept  result_of  <this>
- <this>  process_of  Bacterium
- <this>  result_of  Behavior
- <this>  affects  Behavior
- <this>  process_of  Fungus
- <this>  process_of  Plant
- <this>  process_of  Rickettsia or Chlamydia
- <this>  process_of  Virus
- Research Activity  affects  <this>
--- 12 rows ---

  Organ or Tissue Function
Details[Definition]
A physiologic function of a particular organ, organ system, or tissue.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Osteogenesis; Renal Circulation; Tooth Calcification


[Relationships]
- <this>  degree_of  <this>
- <this>  occurs_in  Organism Function
- <this>  conceptual_part_of  Temporal Concept
- Temporal Concept  conceptual_part_of  <this>
--- 4 rows ---

  Cell Function
Details[Definition]
A physiologic function inherent to cells or cell components.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Erythrocyte Aggregation; Phagocytosis


[Relationships]
- Temporal Concept  conceptual_part_of  <this>
--- 1 row ---

Molecular Function
Details[Definition]
A physiologic function occurring at the molecular level.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Binding, Competitive; Electron Transport; Glycolysis


[Relationships]
- Gene or Genome  carries_out  <this>
--- 1 row ---

  Genetic Function
Details[Definition]
Functions of or related to the maintenance, translation or expression of the genetic material.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Amino Acid Activation; Early Gene Transcription; Gene Amplification; RNA Splicing


[Relationships]
- <this>  produces  Cell Component
--- 1 row ---

Pathologic Function
Details[Definition]
A disordered process, activity, or state of the organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple organs or tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects.


[Usage Notes]
If the process is specific, for example to a site or substance, then 'Disease or Syndrome' will be assigned and not 'Pathologic Function'. For example, "cerebral anoxia", "brain edema", and "milk hypersensitivity" will all be assigned to 'Disease or Syndrome' only.


[Examples]
Inflammation; Leukopenia; Shock; Abnormal general body function


[Relationships]
- Anatomical Abnormality  location_of  <this>
- Bacterium  causes  <this>
- Daily or Recreational Activity  associated_with  <this>
- Diagnostic Procedure  diagnoses  <this>
- Finding  associated_with  <this>
- Fungus  causes  <this>
- Geographic Area  associated_with  <this>
- Immunologic Factor  indicates  <this>
- Individual Behavior  associated_with  <this>
- Injury or Poisoning  complicates  <this>
- Invertebrate  causes  <this>
- Laboratory Procedure  diagnoses  <this>
- Manufactured Object  causes  <this>
- Medical Device  prevents  <this>
- Medical Device  treats  <this>
- Occupational Activity  associated_with  <this>
- <this>  complicates  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  co-occurs_with  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  result_of  Behavior
- <this>  occurs_in  Disease or Syndrome
- <this>  occurs_in  Group
- <this>  result_of  Health Care Activity
- <this>  co-occurs_with  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  complicates  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  occurs_in  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  manifestation_of  Injury or Poisoning
- <this>  associated_with  Organism Attribute
- <this>  manifestation_of  <this>
- <this>  complicates  <this>
- <this>  degree_of  <this>
- <this>  co-occurs_with  <this>
- <this>  precedes  <this>
- <this>  associated_with  <this>
- <this>  manifestation_of  Physiologic Function
- Pharmacologic Substance  diagnoses  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  prevents  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  treats  <this>
- Population Group  associated_with  <this>
- Professional or Occupational Group  diagnoses  <this>
- Rickettsia or Chlamydia  causes  <this>
- Sign or Symptom  diagnoses  <this>
- Substance  causes  <this>
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  prevents  <this>
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  treats  <this>
- Virus  causes  <this>
--- 45 rows ---

Disease or Syndrome
Details[Definition]
A condition which alters or interferes with a normal process, state, or activity of an organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the host's systems, parts, or organs. Included here is a complex of symptoms descriptive of a disorder.


[Usage Notes]
Any specific disease or syndrome that is modified by such modifiers as "acute", "prolonged", etc. will also be assigned to this type. If an anatomic abnormality has a pathologic manifestation, then it will be given this type as well as a type from the 'Anatomical Abnormality' hierarchy, e.g., "Diabetic Cataract" will be double-typed for this reason.


[Examples]
Diabetes Mellitus; Dumping Syndrome; Malabsorption Syndromes; Nephrotic Syndrome


[Relationships]
- <this>  conceptually_related_to  Experimental Model of Disease
- <this>  produces  Tissue
- Pathologic Function  occurs_in  <this>
--- 3 rows ---

  Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Details[Definition]
A clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Agoraphobia; Cyclothymic Disorder; Hallucinations; Memory Disorders


[Relationships]
- Behavior  manifestation_of  <this>
- <this>  process_of  Bacterium
- <this>  affects  Behavior
- <this>  process_of  Fungus
- <this>  process_of  Plant
- <this>  process_of  Rickettsia or Chlamydia
- <this>  process_of  Virus
--- 7 rows ---

  Neoplastic Process
Details[Definition]
A new and abnormal growth of tissue in which the growth is uncontrolled and progressive. The growths may be malignant or benign.


[Usage Notes]
All neoplasms are assigned to this type. Do not also assign a type from the 'Anatomical Abnormality' hierarchy.


[Examples]
Abdominal Neoplasms; stage IVB carcinoma of the vagina; tonsillar lymphoepithelioma


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Cell or Molecular Dysfunction
Details[Definition]
A pathologic function inherent to cells, parts of cells, or molecules.


[Usage Notes]
This is not intended to be a repository for diseases whose molecular basis has been established.


[Examples]
DNA Damage; Wallerian Degeneration; Atypical squamous metaplasia


[Relationships]
--- 0 row ---

  Experimental Model of Disease
Details[Definition]
A representation in a non-human organism of a human disease for the purpose of research into its mechanism or treatment.


[Usage Notes]


[Examples]
Alloxan Diabetes; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Melanoma, Experimental


[Relationships]
- Disease or Syndrome  conceptually_related_to  <this>
--- 1 row ---

  Injury or Poisoning
Details[Definition]
A traumatic wound, injury, or poisoning caused by an external agent or force.


[Usage Notes]
An `Injury or Poisoning' is distinguished from a 'Disease or Syndrome' that may be a result of prolonged exposure to toxic materials.


[Examples]
Abdominal Injuries; Accidental Falls; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning; Frostbite; Snake Bites


[Relationships]
- Acquired Abnormality  co-occurs_with  <this>
- Biologically Active Substance  complicates  <this>
- Body Location or Region  location_of  <this>
- Body Space or Junction  location_of  <this>
- Daily or Recreational Activity  associated_with  <this>
- Diagnostic Procedure  diagnoses  <this>
- Finding  associated_with  <this>
- Finding  manifestation_of  <this>
- Fully Formed Anatomical Structure  location_of  <this>
- Geographic Area  associated_with  <this>
- Hazardous or Poisonous Substance  complicates  <this>
- Individual Behavior  associated_with  <this>
- <this>  complicates  Anatomical Abnormality
- <this>  result_of  Behavior
- <this>  disrupts  Embryonic Structure
- <this>  disrupts  Fully Formed Anatomical Structure
- <this>  occurs_in  Group
- <this>  result_of  Health Care Activity
- <this>  co-occurs_with  <this>
- <this>  associated_with  Organism Attribute
- <this>  complicates  Pathologic Function
- <this>  disrupts  Physiologic Function
- Laboratory Procedure  diagnoses  <this>
- Laboratory or Test Result  indicates  <this>
- Manufactured Object  causes  <this>
- Medical Device  prevents  <this>
- Medical Device  treats  <this>
- Occupational Activity  associated_with  <this>
- Pathologic Function  co-occurs_with  <this>
- Pathologic Function  complicates  <this>
- Pathologic Function  occurs_in  <this>
- Pathologic Function  manifestation_of  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  complicates  <this>
- Pharmacologic Substance  treats  <this>
- Population Group  associated_with  <this>
- Sign or Symptom  diagnoses  <this>
- Substance  causes  <this>
- Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure  treats  <this>
--- 38 rows ---