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AES Notebook Mixed Member ProportionalMixed
Member Proportional (MMP) systems, as used in Germany, New Zealand,
Bolivia, Italy, Mexico, Venezuela, and Hungary, attempt to combine the
positive attributes of both majoritarian and Proportional Representation
(PR) electoral systems. A proportion of the parliament (roughly half in
the cases of Germany, Bolivia, and Venezuela) is elected by
plurality-majority methods, usually from single-member districts, while
the remainder is constituted by PR lists. This structure might on the
surface appear similar to that of the Parallel systems described earlier;
but the crucial distinction is that under MMP the list PR seats compensate
for any disproportionality produced by the district seat results. For
example, if one party wins ten percent of the national votes but no
district seats, then they would be awarded enough seats from the PR lists
to bring their representation up to approximately ten percent of the
parliament. In
all but one of the seven countries using MMP, district seats are elected
using FPTP, while Hungary uses the Two-Round system previously described.
Italy's method is considerably more complicated, with one-quarter of the
parliamentary seats being reserved to compensate for wasted votes in the
single-member districts. In Venezuela there are 102 FPTP seats, 87
National List PR seats and 15 extra compensatory PR seats. In Mexico 200
List PR seats compensate for the usually high imbalances in the results of
the 300 FPTP seats, but an extra provision states that no single party can
win more than 315 parliamentary seats, and if they receive less than sixty
percent of the vote the maximum becomes 300 seats. |
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