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AES Notebook ParallelParallel
(or mixed) systems use both Proportional Representation (PR) lists and
"winner-take-all" districts. However, unlike MMP systems, the PR
lists do not compensate for any disproportional within the majoritarian
districts. Parallel
systems are currently used in twenty countries, and are a feature of
electoral system design in the 1990s - perhaps because, on the face of it,
they appear to combine the benefits of PR lists with single-member
district representation. The Cameroon, Croatia, Guatemala, Guinea, Japan,
South Korea, Niger, Russia, the Seychelles, and Somalia use First Past the
Post (FPTP) single-member districts alongside a List PR component, while
Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Lithuania use the Two-Round
System for the single-member district component of their system. Andorra
uses the Block Vote to elect half its MPs, while Tunisia and Senegal use
the Party Block to elect a number of their deputies. Taiwan is unusual in
using SNTV, a Semi-PR system, alongside a PR system component. The balance between the number of proportional seats and the number of plurality-majority seats varies greatly. Only in Andorra and Russia is there a 50/50 split. At one extreme, the Party Block elects eighty-eight percent of Tunisia’s parliamentarians, with only nineteen members coming from PR lists. At the opposite end, 113 of Somalia's seats are proportionally elected, and only ten are based on FPTP districts. However, in most cases the balance is much closer. For example, Japan elects sixty percent of MPs from single-member districts, with the rest coming from PR lists. |
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