DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NEWARK NJ, 07102
TEL: 201 596 3399
(c) Copyright 1991 Murray Turoff
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COGNITIVE
PROPERTIES
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(c) copyright 1991 Murray Turoff
THE
MAGIC NUMBER 7+-2
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MILLER (1956)
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CHUNKING
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1776149219181941
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LIMITED CHANNEL CAPACITY
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SHORT TERM MEMORY
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INFORMATION THEORY
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LEARNING STRATEGIES
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PEOPLE REORGANIZE INFORMATION TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS
THE
MAGIC NUMBER 7+-2
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EXAMPLES
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THE SEVEN SEAS
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THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD
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THE SEVEN SINS
RECIPROCAL
RELATIONSHIP
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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
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INFORMATION PROCESSING
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MEMORY MODELS
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LEARNING THEORIES
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LANGUAGE PROCESSING
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IMAGE PROCESSING
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ORGANIZATION AND CLUSTERING
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LEVELS OF MEMORY
HUMAN
FACTORS AND ENGINEERING
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STIMULUS RESPONSE MODELS
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PERCEPTION PROCESSING
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SIGNAL/NOISE RELATIONSHIPS
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES
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SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY
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CHOICE REACTION TIME
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DECISION PERFORMANCE
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STRESS REACTIONS
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FILTERING
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MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS
COMMUNICATIONS
AND INFORMATION THEORY
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COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
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CAPACITY
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CODING
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SERIAL AND PARALLEL PROCESSING
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UNCERTAINTY AND AMBIGUITY
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SUBJECTIVE INFORMATION MEASURES
MORSE
CODE CODING
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LETTER CODE PROBABILITY
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E * .131
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T - .105
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A *- .082
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X *-** .0012
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Z **** .0008
THE
THIRD METAPHOR
COMPUTER ANALOGY TO THINKING
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GENERALITY OF PURPOSE
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ALGORITHMS, SUBROUTINES AND COMPILERS
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CONDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS AND DECISION MAKING
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SIMULATION
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STRUCTURAL THEORY
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SYMBOL MANIPULATION
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LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION
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PROGRAMS AND INTERNAL STORAGE
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THEORIES OF LANGUAGE AND KNOWLEDGE
AN
INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM
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ENVIRONMENT
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RECEPTORS, EFFECTORS, PROCESSOR, MEMORY
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SYMBOLS
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STRUCTURE
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SET OF RELATIONSHIPS
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REFERENCES OBJECT
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PROGRAM OR INTERPRETER
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MEMORY
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RETAINS SYMBOL STRUCTURES
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REPRESENTATION
SYSTEM
CONCEPTS
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INFORMATION FLOW
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DECOUPLING
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HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE
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NETWORKING STRUCTURE
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ASSOCIATIVE STRUCTURE
CHOICE
REACTION TIME (CRT)
SERIAL PROCESSING MODE
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STIMULUS PREPROCESSED
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STIMULUS COMPARED UNTIL CATEGORIZED
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CATEGORISATION IS BASIS FOR RESPONSE SELECTION
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SUBJECT PROGRAMS HIS RESPONSE EXECUTION
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PROPORTIONAL TO LOG OF CHOICES
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CONSISTENT WITH INFORMATION THEORY
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40 MSEC PER ITEM, 400 MSEC INITIAL SETUP
SERIAL
AND PARALLEL PROCESSING
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CRT SERIAL
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TYPING AND PHONE NUMBERS PARALLEL
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SCANNING FOR:
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(K, Z), OR (K, O), OR (O, C)
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K OR (K,Z) SAME TIME
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(K, O) DOUBLE TIME
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PREPROCESSORS FOR SENSES
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PEOPLE SCANNING NEWSPAPERS
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SPEED INDEPENDENT OF NUMBER OF CLIENTS
SPEED-ACCURACY
TRADE-OFF
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EXTREME ACCURACY EMPHASIS
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SLOW, MAXIMUM ACCURACY
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EXTREME SPEED EMPHASIS
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FAST, VERY LOW ACCURACY
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HUMANS CAN CHOOSE TRADEOFF POINT
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SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY
SIGNAL
DETECTION THEORY I
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HUMAN SETS:
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UPPER THRESHOLD
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FAST POSITIVE RESPONSE
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SMALL NUMBER OF FALSE ALARMS
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LOWER THRESHOLD
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FAST NEGATIVE RESPONSE
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SMALL NUMBER OF MISSES
SIGNAL
DETECTION THEORY II
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BETWEEN THRESHOLDS
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MEMORY SEARCH YIELDING
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SLOWER POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE RESPONSES
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FAMILIARITY IS THE X AXIS
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LEARNING EFFECTS
RECOGNITION
DECISION FLOW
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STIMULUS PRESENTED
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ENCODING AND ACCESS TO
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FAMILIARITY VALUE
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RESPOND IMMEDIATELY
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NO: EXHAUSTIVE SEARCH
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YES: ACTIVATE RESPONSE
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RESPONSE OUTPUT
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HUMAN PERFORMANCE CAN BE INFLUENCED