OVERHEADS II: DESIGN OF INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS

BY MURRAY TUROFF

CONTENTS

Direct Manipulation

Visibility

User Characteristics

Help

Proportions

Color

Hypertext

Computer Mediated Communications

DIRECT MANIPULATION

* (c) copyright 1991 Murray Turoff

DIRECT MANIPULATION i

* DISTANCES

DIRECT MANIPULATION II

* ENGAGEMENT
* CONVERSATION MODEL
* DISTANCE TO
* USER GOALS\ SEM. D.M.
*
* LARGE LOW LEVEL LOW LEVEL
* (EXPERT) LANGUAGE MODEL
*
* SMALL HIGH LEVEL HIGH LEVEL
* (NOVICE) LANGUAGE MODEL

DIRECT MANIPULATION III

* DESIGNER CHOICES

* HIGHER ORDER/SPECIALIZED LANGUAGES
* BUILD NEW MENTAL STRUCTURES IN USER

* RUBBER BAND GRAPHICS
* TURTLE GRAPHICS

DIRECT MANIPULATION IV

* HIGHER ORDER LANGUAGES:

* OVER SPECIALIZATION
* TASKS DO NOT DECOMPOSE
* EXAMPLES: LISP, UNIX
* LANGUAGE GROWS IN SIZE
* PLAYING A PHONOGRAPH TO HIT A NOTE

DIRECT MANIPULATION V

* LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES:

* MORE EFFORT TO PROGRAM
* DISGUISED AUTOMATION
* PLAYING A VIOLIN TO HIT A NOTE
* FOR EXPERTS: APL

DIRECT MANIPULATION VI

* LOW LEVEL MODEL:

* DEAL WITH ABSTRACTIONS
* REQUIRES EXPERTISE
* CAN PROMOTE LEARNING
* NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

* HIGH LEVEL MODEL

* DIRECT CONTROL
* LIMITS ABSTRACTION
* FLIGHT SIMULATOR
* MORE NOVICE ORIENTED

DIRECT MANIPULATION VII
VIRTUES

* IMMEDIACY OF FEEDBACK
* TRANSLATION OF INTENTIONS TO ACTIONS
* NOVICES CAN LEARN QUICKLY
* EXPERTS CAN WORK FAST
* EASE OF USE
* TRAIL AND ERROR LEARNING ENHANCED
* INSENSITIVE TO EXPERTISE

* PLAYING VIOLIN OR PUTTING ON RECORD

DIRECT MANIPULATION VIII
VICES

* REPETITIVE OPERATIONS DIFFICULT
* VARIABLES NOT EASY TO EXPRESS
* PROBLEMS WITH ACCURACY
* CANNOT INFER INTENTIONS
* EMPHASIZES CURRENT WAY OF THINKING
* SOME SACRIFICES OF REALITY
* MANIPULATION OF ACTIONS DIFFICULT
* MATCH WITH MENTAL MODEL REQUIRED
* INHIBITS EXPERTISE DEVELOPMENT
* DIRECTNESS IS TRADE OFF WITH GENERALITY AND ABSTRACTION

DIRECT MANIPULATION IX

* MEASURES:

* INTERNAL COHERENCE: COMPONENTS OF KNOWLEDGE ARE RELATED IN AN INTEGRATED STRUCTURE (CONSISTENCY OF SYNTAX).
* VALIDITY: USERS MENTAL MODEL PREDICTS SYSTEM OUTCOMES (INTERNAL MODEL DOES NOT HAVE TO BE THE SAME).

DIRECT MANIPULATION X

* MODEL TYPES:

* STRUCTURAL MODELS:

* SOMETIMES DIFFICULT TO LEARN (E.G. PUSH DOWN LISTS, SMALLTALK).

* FUNCTIONAL MODELS:

* MATCHES BETWEEN INPUT AND OUTPUT
* EASY TO LEARN

DIRECT MANIPULATION XI

* MODEL TYPES

* DISTRIBUTED MODELS:

* TRANSACTIONS AND STATE CHANGES (E.G. NETWORKS)
* MICRO LEARNING GOOD
* MACRO LEARNING DIFFICULT (E.G. HYPERTEXT)

* PROCEDURAL MODELS:

* PROGRAMMING LIKE (LOGO, TURTLE GRAPHICS).

DIRECT MANIPULATION XII

* DESIGN MATRIX
* COLUMNS:

* COGNITIVE PHYSICAL COMPUTER

* ROWS:

* CURRENT STATE
* CHANGE MECHANISM (CONTROL)
* SEQUENCES
* FINAL STATE
* INTENTIONS
* EVALUATION

DIRECT MANIPULATION XIII

* PILOT CAI LANGUAGE

* .T TYPE .A ANSWER
* .R REMARK .E END
* .M MATCH .J JUMP
* .JY IF YES .JN IF NO
* .U USE .C COMPUTE

DIRECT MANIPULATION XIV

* ABSTRACT REDUCTION OF CAI TASK

* WRITING LESSONS

* CREATING MATERIAL

* QUESTIONS
* ANSWERS
* EXPLANATIONS

* SETTING UP LOGIC

* ORGANIZING MODULES
* ORGANIZING LESSONS

GO TO START
VISIBILITY

* (c) copyright 1991 Murray Turoff

VISIBILITY

* VISIBLE LANGUAGE

* LAYOUT
* TYPOGRAPHY
* COLOR AND TEXTURE
* IMAGERY: SIGNS, ICONS, SYMBOLS
* ANIMATION
* SEQUENCING
* SOUND
* VISUAL IDENTITY

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES

* SCREENS
* WINDOWS
* MENUS
* DIALOGUE BOXES
* ICONS AND SYMBOLS
* CURSORS

SCREEN AND GRID LAYOUT

* IDENTIFY COMPONENTS TO BE ARRANGED
* IDENTIFY DISPLAY SPACE CONSTRAINTS
* EXPLORE INTERRELATION OF COMPONENTS
* DEVELOP SINGLE BASIC LAYOUT SCHEMA
* DETERMINE BASIC UNIT (E.G. TEXT SIZE)
* DETERMINE HORIZONTAL SUBDIVISIONS
* DETERMINE VERTICAL SUBDIVISIONS
* DETERMINE ANGULAR LINES

GOALS OF SCREEN LAYOUT

* STRUCTURE DISPLAY BY CLARIFYING RELATION OF WINDOWS, MENUS, AND CONTROL PANELS
* ISOLATE CONTROL, DATA, AND STATUS OR FEEDBACK REGIONS WITHIN DISPLAY
* ENSURE THAT FREQUENT BUT TRANSIENT OBJECTS APPEAR IN PREDICTABLE LOCATIONS

2 AND 1/2 DIMENSIONS

* COLOR DEPTH
* DROP SHADOWS
* BEVELED EDGES
* HIGHLIGHTING AND LOW LIGHTING
* SHRINKING AND GROWING
* TEXTURE
* SIZE
* LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
* AERIAL PERSPECTIVE

ICONS

* SYNTACTIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES

* USE SIMPLE, CLEAR, UNITARY IMAGERY
* USE LARGE OBJECTS AND BOLD LINES
* MAINTAIN A FIGURAL DARK/LIGHT BALANCE
* STRIVE FOR BALANCE AND SYMMETRY
* KEEP IMAGES STYLISTICALLY CONSISTENT
* LIMIT VARIATION IN SIZE, SHAPE, ANGLE, LINE THICKNESS, AND WHITE SPACE

ICONS

* SEMANTIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES

* SELECT A DISTINCTIVE POINT OF VIEW
* EXPLOIT ARCHETYPAL FEATURES
* EXPLOIT USERS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD
* AVOID JARGON-ORIENTED "PUNS"
* RESPECT ESTABLISHED CONVENTIONS

ICONS

* PRAGMATIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES

* MAKE THE ICON APPEALING
* MAKE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES PROMINENT
* MAKE THE ICON READABLE AT A GLANCE
* MATCH THE ICON TO DISPLAY LIMITATIONS
* ENHANCE THE VIEWERS UNDERSTANDING OF THE ICON'S MESSAGE

ICONS

* ALGORITHM FOR ICON DESIGN

* LIST OBJECTS TO BE REPRESENTED
* GENERATE QUICK CONCEPT SKETCHES
* SORT SKETCHES BY VISUAL STYLE
* SELECT MOST PROMISING SKETCH SET
* CREATE LAYOUT GRID FOR SELECTED STYLE
* REFINE SELECTED ICONS BASED ON GRID

MENUS

* ATTRIBUTES: PRESENTATION, DURATION, AND NAVIGATION
* PULL-DOWN, POP-UP, STAY-UP, STATIC
* NORMAL, DEFAULT, SELECTED, DISABLED, ATTACHED MENUS AND DIALOGS
* DEPTH AND BREATH
* TREE, CHINESE, MULTIPLE CHOICE, ANSWER AHEAD

MENU LAYOUT

* MENU ITEMS GROUPED ACCORDING TO EASILY RECOGNIZABLE (I.E. LEARNABLE) LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS: FREQUENCY, FUNCTION, NUMERIC, ALPHA
* EXTREME POSITIONS EASIER TO LEARN (TOP / BOTTOM / CORNERS), REMEMBER, AND LOCATE
* INTERIOR POSITIONS EASIER TO MOVE TO

GO TO START
USER CHARACTERISTICS

* OBJECTIVES OF USER INTERFACES

* ENJOYMENT
* ENABLING NEW SKILLS
* DELEGATION
* SAFETY
* DEVELOPMENT
* COMPUTING
* PRODUCTIVITY
* MANAGING COMPLEXITY
* RELIABILITY & SECURITY
* QUALITY

CONCEPTUAL OBSERVATIONS

* DESIGNER'S INFORMATION ABOUT THE USER AND HIS TASK IS MOSTLY IMAGINATION
* USER INTERFACE INFORMATION FLOW ALONE IS TOO LOW TO MAKE INTERACTION SATISFACTORY (DIRECT MANIPULATION LIMIT)
* SOURCE OF GREATER INFORMATION: MENTAL MODELS AND PROGRAMS
* MENTAL MODELS AND PROGRAMS ARE NOT EQUIVALENT

USER PROBLEMS I

* COGNITIVE DISSONANCE: REGRET FOR A NON CHOSEN ALTERNATIVE.
* DIFFICULT TO JUDGE INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS AS A RESULT USERS ADAPT IF THEY ARE MOTIVATED TO.
* HOMEOSTASIS: SYSTEM EASIER TO USE IT WILL BE USED FOR COMPLEX THINGS.

USER PROBLEMS II

* SATISFYING: FLEXIBLE SYSTEMS WILL PERMIT USERS TO ADOPT NON-OPTIMAL STRATEGIES EASIER TO LEARN.
* HAWTHORN EFFECT
* SKILL DEVELOPMENT MAY ELIMINATE KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: TYPIST DOES NOT KNOW WHERE KEY IS.

WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS

* HOW WE PERCEIVE AND THINK ABOUT THE WORLD DEPENDS ON THE LANGUAGE AVAILABLE TO US.

* ARABS HAVE MANY WORDS FOR CAMELS, ESKIMOS FOR SNOW, ENGLISH FOR VEHICLES
* ONLY ONE WORD FOR BUG

* STILL LOCAL PROBLEM

* INTERFACE DESIGN OFTEN BOTTOM UP
* LIMITED DESIGNS CAMOUFLAGED BY ADDING NEW FEATURES
* FEATURE TICKING DESIGN

MYERS-BRIGGS PERSONALITY TYPES

* JUDGING/PERCEIVING

* JUDGING TYPE MAKES DECISIONS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
* PERCEIVING TYPE PUTS IT OFF UNTIL ALL INFORMATION IN
* JUDGING TYPE LOOKS FOR GOALS
* PERCEIVING PERSON INTERESTED IN PROCESS

MYERS-BRIGGS PERSONALITY TYPES

* SENSING/INTUITING

* SENSING TYPES RELY ON EXTERNAL STIMULI
* INTUITING TYPES MAKE DECISIONS WITHOUT EXTERNAL STIMULI
* SENSING NEED TO INTERACT
* INTUITING LIKE TO SEND WORK TO BE BATCHED
* SENSING WANTS EVERYTHING EXPLICIT
* INTUITING LIKES TO USE IMAGINATION

MYERS-BRIGGS PERSONALITY TYPES

* THINKING/FEELING

* THINKING NEEDS EXPLICIT LOGIC FOR DOING SOMETHING
* FEELING USE INTUITION
* THINKING READS HELPS AND DOCUMENTATION BEFORE DOING
* INTUITION MORE INCLINED TO TRIAL AND ERROR

GOOD DESIGNING

* A DESIGN SHOULD BE TASK SPECIFIC
* A DESIGN SHOULD HAVE PREDICTABLE PERFORMANCE
* DESIGN SHOULD BE ITERATIVE
* DESIGN HAS MORE CONTROL THAN EVALUATION, INITIAL DESIGN MUST BE GOOD
* A DESIGN SHOULD BE SIMPLE
* THE GOLDEN RULE IS THAT THERE ARE NO GOLDEN RULES - SHAW

GO TO START
HELP

* (c) copyright 1991 Murray Turoff

HELP I

* WHERE AM I?
* WHAT HAPPENED?
* HOW CAN I DO THIS?
* WHAT CAN I DO NEXT?
* WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
* HOW SHOULD I RESPOND?
* HOW CAN I CHANGE THIS?
* IS THE SYSTEM DESTROYING MY FILES?
* WHAT IS IT DOING WITH MY INPUTS?
* HOW LONG IS THIS GOING TO TAKE?
* WHY DIDN'T THAT WORK?

HELP II

* HELP TYPES

* STATIC HELP (DIRECTORY)
* DYNAMIC (RESPONDS TO SITUATION)
* DIALOGUE HELP
* MULTIPLE LEVELS OF HELP
* MENU HELP
* HYPERTEXT HELP
* SYSTEM INITIATED HELP

HELP III: COGNITIVE FACTORS I

* SHORT TERM MEMORY
* PEOPLE GENERALIZE FROM WHAT THEY ALREADY KNOW (STIMULUS GENERALIZATION)
* PEOPLE ACQUIRE SKILLS BETTER IF DISTRIBUTED OVER TIME

HELP IV: COGNITIVE FACTORS II

* LEARNING SOMETHING NEW THAT IS SIMILAR TO SOMETHING ALREADY KNOWN RESULTS IN INTERFERENCE
* WHEN PROBLEM SOLVING PEOPLE DO BETTER IF THEY BREAK THE PROBLEM INTO SMALLER PARTS
* WHEN UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE, MEANING (SEMANTICS) GENERALLY PREVAILS OVER THE EXACT FORM (SYNTAX)

HELP V

* MINIMUM HELP FUNCTIONS

* SELECT LIST OF TOPICS
* SCROLL CURRENT HELP
* NEXT TOPIC IN ORDER
* PREVIOUS TOPIC
* CANCEL HELP

HELP VI

* CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH HELP IS NEEDED

* SEQUENCES OR SCREENS MORE THAN FIVE
* COMPLEX SCREENS LEARNED IN ONE SESSION
* DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS RESEMBLE EACH OTHER
* COMBINE DIFFERENT STEPS TOGETHER
* WHERE EXACT FORMAT IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN CONTENT

HELP VII

* USUAL MAJOR PROBLEMS WITH HELP

* DIFFICULT SWITCHING BETWEEN HELP AND APPLICATIONS
* DON'T PROVIDE SPECIFIC INFORMATION DESIRED
* NOT AVAILABLE WHEN NEEDED
* INFORMATION NOT ACCURATE OR COMPLETE
* DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND
* HELP SYSTEM CONFUSING TO USE

GO TO START PROPORTIONS

* (c) copyright 1991 Murray Turoff

PROPORTIONS I

* CLASSICAL

* 1:1 SQUARE
* 1:1.414 SQUARE ROOT OF TWO
* 1:1.618 GOLDEN RECTANGLE
* 1:1.732 SQUARE ROOT OF THREE
* 1:2 DOUBLE SQUARE

* EXAMPLES

* 1:1.29 SHEET OF PAPER
* 1:1.33 TELEVISION SCREEN
* 1:1.50 35 MM SLIDE, APPLE SCREEN
* 1:1.77 HDTV

PROPORTIONS II

* SQUARE

* ATTENTION GETTING
* STABLE, PERMANENCE
* DYNAMIC ON DIAGONAL

* DIAMOND

* SPECIAL BOOKS (E.G. ART)

PROPORTIONS III

* SQUARE-ROOT OF TWO RECTANGLE

* INSCRIBED SQUARE NATURAL DIVISION
* DIVIDED IN TWO RESULTING RECTANGLES SAME PROPORTION

* THEREFORE IDEAL FOR BOOKS

* EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL PAPER SIZE
* BOOKLET, MAGAZINE, LETTERHEAD, POSTERS

PROPORTIONS IV

* GOLDEN PROPORTION

* ARTISTIC AND ITERATIVE
* INSCRIBED SQUARE PRODUCES ALSO GOLDEN RECTANGLE

* REFLECTS GROWTH PATTERNS IN PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE
* ARCHITECTURE, ART WORKS
* VENUS'S NAVAL TO HEIGHT

PROPORTIONS V

* SQUARE ROOT OF THREE

* DISTINCTIVE FROM THE OTHERS
* NARROWER

* DOUBLE SQUARE

* TATAMI MAT IN JAPAN
* ALSO DISTINCTIVE

* DISTINCTIVE = USER CAN DISTINGUISH
* MORE ELONGATED RECTANGLES CAN NOT BE DISTINGUISH

PROPORTIONS VI

* MARGINS USED TO ALLOW TRANSFER BETWEEN MEDIUMS, WINDOWS, WORKSPACES
* USE OF DISTINCTIVE PROPORTIONS CAN BE MORE VISUALLY PLEASING
* DISTINCTIVE PROPORTIONS TO CODE WINDOW TYPES
* CONSTRAINED BY RESOLUTION OF SCREEN

PROPORTIONS VII

* MARGINS USED TO FACILITATE TRANSFER BETWEEN MEDIUMS
* TEXT NEEDS BREATHING SPACES, OR MARGINS WITHIN TEXT AREA
* MARGINS BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS = ONE LINE
* SPACE BEFORE AND AFTER HEADINGS

PROPORTIONS VIII

* 100 PIXELS PER INCH = MINIMUM FOR STANDARD PAGE
* 1024 PIXELS = 10.24 INCHES < 11 INCHES
* 40 TO 60 CHARACTERS DESIRABLE TEXT LINE RANGE
* AVERAGE MAXIMUM READING SPEED = 53 CHARACTERS / LINE
* COLUMNS SEPARATE BY "GUTTERS" AT LEAST 2 CHARACTER SPACES (1 TO 2 PICAS)
* 2 TO 5 COLUMNS PER PAGE OR SCREEN, VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL

PROPORTIONS IX

* HORIZONTAL GRID LINES BREAK UP COLUMNS INTO ZONES FOR FOOTERS, PRIMARY TITLING, AND MAIN TEXT.
* SCREENS APPEAR LESS COMPLICATED WHEN SINGLE THIN LINE SEPARATES WINDOWS FROM EACH OTHER, NOT TWO LINES AND SPACE.
* CHARACTER DENSITY IDEAL AT ABOUT 30%, NOT MORE THAN 50%.

WINDOW CONTROLS I

* CLOSE
* OPEN
* MINIMIZE
* MAXIMIZE
* MOVE
* REFRESH DISPLAY
* END APPLICATION
* REVERT TO PREVIOUS

WINDOW CONTROLS II

* SIZE 2 DIMENSIONS
* SYSTEM MENU
* SCROLL BARS
* ZOOM IN/OUT
* PAN & CYCLE
* EXPOSE, HIDE
* VIRTUAL SPACES

* APPLICATION FUNCTIONALITY STILL UNCLEAR

WINDOW CONTROLS

* POSSIBLE APPLICATION FUNCTIONS

* MARK, IDENTIFY
* TRANSFER, MOVE
* COPY
* PROCESS CONTROL
* ROLE CONTROL
* FORM CONTROL
* TRACKING
* OPERATING SYSTEM
* COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

GO TO START COLOR

* (c) copyright 1991 Murray Turoff

COLOR I

* HUE = SPECTRAL WAVELENGTH AND RESULTING COLOR
* VALUE = RELATIVE AMOUNT OF LIGHTNESS OR DARKNESS
* CHROME = PURITY OF COLOR FROM GRAY TO MOST VIVID (SATURATION)

COLOR II

* BENEFITS

* CALL ATTENTION
* IDENTIFY ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES
* PORTRAY OBJECTS REALISTICALLY
* DEPICT LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF IDEAS
* PORTRAY TIME AND PROGRESS
* INCREASE APPEAL, BELIEVABILITY
* EXPRESS EMOTION
* INCREASE NUMBER OF CODING DIMENSIONS

COLOR III

* DISADVANTAGES

* MORE EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT
* USER COLOR DEFICIENT VISION
* MAY CAUSE VISUAL FATIGUE
* MAY CAUSE AFTERIMAGES
* MAY CONTRIBUTE TO CONFUSION (BLUE = DEATH)
* DISCIPLINARY, CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
* CONFUSING GUIDELINES

COLOR IV

* USE A MAXIMUM OF 5 +- 2 COLORS
* USE SPECTRAL ORDER IN COLOR CODING

* ROY G BIV
* RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, INDIGO, VIOLET
* FRONT = RED
* MIDDLE = GREEN
* BACK = BLUE

COLOR V

* USE FOVEAL (CENTRAL) AND PERIPHERAL COLORS APPROPRIATELY
* BLUE FOR LARGE AREAS, NOT LINES OR TEXT
* RED AND GREEN IN CENTER OF VISUAL FIELD, NOT EDGES
* USE BLACK, WHITE, YELLOW, AND BLUE IN PERIPHERAL
* DO NOT USE ADJACENT COLORS THAT DIFFER IN BLUE, BLACK, YELLOW, (LINE BECOMES FUZZY)
* USE ADJACENT COLORS THAT DIFFER IN HUE AND VALUE

COLOR VI

* USE COLORS THAT EXHIBIT MINIMUM SHIFT IN COLOR/SIZE IF THE COLORS CHANGE IN SIZE IN THE IMAGERY
* SIZE INFLUENCES PERCEPTION OF VALUE AND CHROME
* LIGHT TEXT, THIN LINES, SMALL SHAPES IN WHITE, YELLOW, RED ON MEDIUM-DARK BACKGROUNDS (BLUE, GREEN, RED, DARK GRAY) FOR DARK VIEWING SITUATIONS

COLOR VII

* USE DARK TEXT, THING LINES AND SMALL SHAPES (BLACK, VIOLET) ON LIGHT BACKGROUNDS, LIGHT VIEWING SITUATIONS.
* USE HIGHEST CONTRAST FOR TEXT TYPE

COLOR VIII

* SIMULTANEOUS USE OF HIGH-CHROME SPECTRALLY EXTREME COLORS CAUSE VIBRATIONS, ILLUSIONS OF SHADOWS, AND AFTER IMAGES

* RED / GREEN
* BLUE / YELLOW
* GREEN / BLUE
* RED / BLUE

COLOR IX

* USE FAMILIAR, CONSISTENT COLOR CODINGS

* RED = STOP, DANGER, HOT, FIRE
* YELLOW = CAUTION, SLOW, TEST
* GREEN = OK, CLEAR, VEGETATION, SAFETY
* BLUE = COLD, WATER, CALM, SKY
* WARM COLORS = ACTION, RESPONSE REQUIRED
* COOL COLORS = STATUS, REMOTENESS
* GRAYS, WHITE, BLUE = NEUTRALITY

COLOR X

* CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF BLUE

* MOVIE AUDIENCES: TENDERNESS, PORNOGRAPHY
* FINANCIAL MANAGERS: RELIABILITY
* HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS: DEATH
* POWER INDUSTRY: COOLNESS, WATER

COLOR XI

* HIGH ILLUMINATION: HOT, ACTIVE, COMIC
* LOW ILLUMINATION: EMOTIONAL, TENSE, TRAGIC
* HIGH CHROME: EMOTIONAL, TENSE, HOT, COMIC
* WARM HUES (RED, ORANGE, AND YELLOW) ACTIVE, COMEDY, RECREATION
* COOL HUES (GREEN, BLUE, VIOLET, PURPLE, GRAY): TRAGEDY, ROMANCE, EFFICIENCY, WORK

COLOR XII

* USE SAME COLOR FOR GROUPING RELATED ELEMENTS
* USERS PERCEIVE COLOR RELATIONSHIPS OVER TIME
* EXAMPLE: COMMAND AND CONTROL COLORS IN MENUS NOT TO BE USED FOR STATUS CODING IN WORK AREAS
* USE HIGH VALUE, HIGH CHROME COLORS TO ATTRACT ATTENTION

COLOR SLIDE XIII

* USE BRIGHTER COLORS FOR OLDER VIEWERS
* IDEAL SITUATION ALLOWS USER TO DO COLOR TAILORING
* USE REDUNDANT CODING OF SHAPE AS WELL AS COLOR
* USE COLOR TO ENHANCE BLACK AND WHITE INFORMATION

COLOR XIV

* PRIOR NOTES NOT SUFFICIENT FOR COMPLEX USES OF COLOR
* NUMEROUS CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMPLICATED DIAGRAMS AND THREE DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATIONS
* ANIMATION AND AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF PICTURES
* ARTISTIC APPLICATIONS

GO TO START HYPERTEXT

* (c) copyright 1991 Murray Turoff

HYPERTEXT MORPHOLOGY

* GILFORD'S THEORY OF THE INTELLECT:
* COGNITION CONVERGENT DIVERGENT
* PRODUCTION PRODUCTION
* HYPERTEXT:
* NODES LINKS LINKS
* DETAIL SPECIFICATION ELABORATION
* COLLECTION MEMBERSHIP OPPOSITION
* PROPOSITION ASSOCIATION SPECULATION
* SUMMARY PATH BRANCH
* ISSUE ALTERNATIVE LATERAL
* OBSERVATION INFERENCE EXTRAPOLATION

HYPERTEXT NODES I

* DETAIL

* FACT, DEFINITION, REFERENCE

* COLLECTION

* GROUP, HEADING, AGGREGATION, SET

* PROPOSITION

* ASSUMPTION, BELIEF, AXIOM, LAW

HYPERTEXT NODES II

* SUMMARY

* GENERALIZATION, OVERVIEW, TEMPLATE

* ISSUE

* QUESTION, PROBLEM, CONCERN, VISION

* OBSERVATION

* CONCLUSION, DECISION, ACTION, POLICY

HYPERTEXT CONVERGENT LINKS

* MEMBERSHIP

* NAMING, SUBSET, ASSEMBLE

* ASSOCIATION

* SIMILARITY, CORRELATION, CONCURRENCE

* PATH

* SEQUENCE, TRAIL, DOCUMENT

* ALTERNATIVE

* OPTION, REVISION, CHOICE

* INFERENCE

* IMPLICATION, CAUSE, CONCLUSION

HYPERTEXT DIVERGENT LINK I

* ELABORATION

* DETAIL, FACT, FOOTNOTE

* OPPOSITION

* CONFLICT, REFUTE, CON

* SPECULATION

* CONJECTURE, TENTATIVE, VAGUE

HYPERTEXT DIVERGENT LINK II

* BRANCH

* SUBSECTION, SPLIT, OFFSHOOT

* LATERAL

* DEVIATION, SHIFT, NOVELTY, DIVERGENCE

* EXTRAPOLATION

* GOAL, IDEA, QUESTION

HYPERTEXT MORPHOLOGY

* A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ALL NODES AND LINKS
* REASONS:

* COMMON IMPLEMENTATION MODEL
* POWERFUL SEMANTIC AND NETWORK ANALYSIS POSSIBILITIES
* COLLABORATION FOR CREATION OF KNOWLEDGE BASES

HYPERTEXT MORPHOLOGY

* OTHER SEMANTIC MODELS CAN BE MAPPED IN
* CARLSON & RAM/THEORY OF INTELLECT
* STAKEHOLDER COLLECTION
* OBJECTIVE OBSERVATION
* STRATEGY PROPOSITION
* CONTROL PROPOSITION

HYPERTEXT TEMPLATES

* TASK TEMPLATE:

* PROPOSED TASK (PROPOSITION)

* SPECIFICATION LINK

* RESOURCES REQUIRED (OBSERVATION)

* INFERENCE LINK

* EMPLOYEE UTILIZATION (INFERENCE)

* OPPOSITION LINK

* EMPLOYEE UTILIZATION (INFERENCE)

* (IN DIFFERENT TASK TEMPLATE)

HYPERTEXT MORPHOLOGY

* ATTRIBUTES
* STRENGTH OF A LINK
* WHO CREATED A LINK OR NODE
* LEVEL OF AGREEMENT
* POPULARITY
* WHO UTILIZED A LINK, PATH, AND/OR NODE

HYPERTEXT MORPHOLOGY

* ANALYSIS APPROACHES

* DIVERGENT LINKS AS CUT POINTS TO FIND SUBGRAPHS
* LATERAL LINKS FOR INDEXES
* PATH AND BRANCH LINKS FOR DOCUMENTS
* COLLECTIONS FOR HEADINGS

COLLABORATIVE MEMORY

* HEADING RECORD MODEL
* AUTOMATIC FORGETTING

* AGREEMENT
* POPULARITY

* BASED UPON ACTIONS OF USERS

EXPERIMENT ON NODE CLASSIFICATION

* ARTICLE IN ATLANTIC MONTHLY: THE CHOLESTEROL MYTH
* 110 PARAGRAPHS UTILIZED
* 32 SUBJECTS
* OBJECT: CLASSIFY NODES

EXPERIMENT ON NODE CLASSIFICATION

* SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL: .05
* 76 NODES OUT OF 110 CLASSIFIED WITH NO CONFUSION
* SUBJECT SELF RATING OF ENGLISH RESOLVED 24 MORE NODES
* INTERNAL CONFUSION RESOLVED BY DOMINANCE FOR 5 MORE NODES
* ONLY 5 REMAINING OUT OF 110 EXHIBITED EXTERNAL CONFUSION

EXPERIMENT ON NODE CLASSIFICATION

* INTERNAL CONFUSION:

* PARAGRAPH USED AS NODE CONTAINS MORE THAN ONE CONCEPT

* EXTERNAL CONFUSION:

* CLASSIFICATION OF NODE TYPE DEPENDENT UPON LINKS TO IT

* EXAMPLES:

* SUMMARY VS. DETAIL
* OBSERVATION VS. PROPOSITION

HYPERTEXT MORPHOLOGY

* OBSERVATIONS
* HYPERTEXT AS A DATA STRUCTURE FOR DEALING WITH EQUIVOCALITY
* REDUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL AND SYSTEMS OPACITY
* COLLABORATIVE INTELLIGENCE FOR THE GATHERING AND USE OF KNOWLEDGE

GO TO START COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS

* (c) copyright 1991 Murray Turoff

COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS

* ASYNCHRONOUS GROUP COMMUNICATIONS
* METHODS:

* DELPHI

* PAPER AND PENCIL
* HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING
* ROUNDS AND DELAYS

* COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS

* PHONE LINES & NETWORKS
* COMPUTER PROCESSING
* HUMAN ROLES

ASYNCHRONOUS GROUP COMMUNICATIONS

* CHARACTERISTICS

* TEXT AND GRAPHICS
* INFORMATION STRUCTURING
* COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
* SELF ACTIVATION
* SELF SELECTION

ASYNCHRONOUS GROUP COMMUNICATIONS

* ADVANTAGES

* INDIVIDUAL PROBLEM SOLVING
* EXPLORATION
* EQUAL PARTICIPATION
* COMPLETENESS
* REFLECTION
* INCUBATION
* CREATIVITY
* SYNERGY

ASYNCHRONOUS GROUP COMMUNICATIONS

* DISADVANTAGES

* OVERLOAD

* FILTERING, ORGANIZATION, RETRIEVAL

* FLAMING

* PARALINGUISTIC CUES, FOCUSING

* SYNCHRONIZATION

* MODERATION & PROTOCOLS

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING PHASES I

* PROBLEM RECOGNITION

* PROBLEM SPACE
* ISSUES

* STRATEGY FORMULATION

* GOALS & OBJECTIVES
* POLICIES

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING PHASE II

* GENERATION

* CRITERIA
* ALTERNATIVES
* BENEFITS & RISKS

* EVALUATION

* ESTIMATIONS
* VOTING & MODELS
* DISAGREEMENT EXPLORATION

INDIVIDUAL PROBLEM SOLVING PHASES

* IDENTIFICATION
* EXPLORATION
* DEVELOPMENT
* SPECIFICATION
* SELECTION

PROBLEM SOLVING META PROCESSES I

* REGULATION

* SEQUENCING
* ITERATION
* SYNCHRONIZATION
* PARTICIPATION
* ASSIGNMENT
* TRACKING

PROBLEM SOLVING META PROCESS II

* FACILITATION

* ORGANIZATION
* SUMMARIZATION
* FILTERING
* EXPOSURE
* INTEGRATION

OBJECTS OF DISCOURSE

* PROBLEMS, ISSUES, QUESTIONS
* GOALS, OBJECTIVES, PLANS
* STRATEGIES, POLICIES, AGENDAS
* CONCERNS, CRITERIA ARGUMENTS
* ASSUMPTIONS, VIEWPOINTS
* OPINIONS, VALUES, INTERESTS
* CONSEQUENCES, SCENARIOS, IMPACTS
* TRADEOFFS, COMPROMISE, PROPOSALS
* SOLUTIONS, DECISIONS, PROJECTS
* TASKS, ALLOCATIONS, POSSIBILITIES

GROUP DECISION SUPPORT EXAMPLES

* ALTERNATIVE GENERATION
* STANDARD SETTING
* GOAL AND OBJECTIVE SETTING
* PROJECT FORMULATION
* PROJECT STATUS TRACKING
* PROBLEM EXAMINATION
* RISK DETERMINATION
* MODEL BUILDING
* COLLABORATIVE WRITING

GDSS TOOL EXAMPLES

* VOTING SCALES

* RANK ORDERING
* COMPARATIVE ORDERING
* INTERVAL & RATIO SCALING

* DECISION TREES
* INFLUENCE MATRICES
* RISK ANALYSIS
* DECISION TABLES
* STAKEHOLDER ROLES
* GAMING

LIST GATHERING ACTIVITY I

* EXAMPLES

* ALTERNATIVES
* CRITERIA
* FACTORS

* CONTROL

* OPEN AND CLOSE LIST
* COMMENTS ON ITEMS
* PRO AND CON COMMENTS
* VOTING PHASE
* SELECTION PHASE

LIST GATHERING ACTIVITY II

* NOTIFICATIONS

* NEW ENTRIES
* STATUS CHANGES
* VOTES REQUIRED
* VOTES VIEWABLE

COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS

* EARLY SYSTEMS

* MAILBOX, DELPHI CONFERENCE, EMISARI, PREMIS, FORUM, EIES, CONFER, KOM, HUB, PARTI, NOTEPAD, EQUAL

* CURRENT SYSTEMS

* GRAND, TOOLS, COSMOS, SUPER COM, AMIGO, VAXNOTES, EIES 2, TEIES, SAM

CMC NAMES I

* "A ROSE IS A ROSE"
* COORDINATION SYSTEMS
* COMPUTER CONFERENCING
* COLLABORATIVE SYSTEMS
* COMPUTERIZED CONFERENCING
* GROUP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (GDSS)
* COMPUTER SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK (CSCW)

CMC NAMES II

* ELECTRONIC MEETING SYSTEMS (EMS)
* ELECTRONIC MAIL SYSTEMS (EMS)
* BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEMS
* HYPERTEXT SYSTEMS
* TELECONFERENCING
* MESSAGE SYSTEMS
* GROUPWARE
* TEAMWARE

COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS

* OBJECTIVES

* FACILITATION OF GROUP ACTIVITIES
* TAILORING COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES AND PROTOCOLS AROUND THE APPLICATION AND THE GROUP
* COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE

* CAN THE GROUP PERFORM BETTER THAN THE BEST MEMBER ACTING ALONE (SPEED AND QUALITY)

CMC ROLES I

* COMMENT, MESSAGE, OR ACTIVITY

* AUTHOR
* SENDER
* RECEIVER
* APPENDER
* MODIFIER
* REPLYER
* RESPONDER

CMC ROLES II

* GROUP OR CONFERENCE

* OWNER
* MEMBER
* MONITOR
* EDITOR
* INDEXER
* OBSERVER
* CONTRIBUTOR
* ORGANIZER
* MASQUERADER

CMC OPEN ENDED CONCEPTS I

* ACCESS

* PRIVILEGES
* TICKETS
* ROLES

* TRACKING

* ACTIVITIES
* NOTIFICATIONS

* STRUCTURED INFORMATION

* FORMS
* INDEXES

CMC OPEN ENDED CONCEPTS II

* SHARING

* GROUPS
* CONFERENCE STRUCTURES

* INTERFACE

* OBJECTS AND GENERIC COMMANDS
* DEFAULTS

* INTEGRATION

* EXTERNAL ENTRY

CMC OBJECT STRUCTURE I

* MEMBER

* PERSONAL INDEXES
* FILTERS
* NOTIFICATIONS FILE

* GROUP

* SHARED INDEXES & LISTS
* NOTIFICATIONS
* MAIL
* MESSAGES

CMC OBJECT STRUCTURE II

* DIRECTORY

* MEMBERS

* CONFERENCES OWNED

* GROUPS

* MEMBERSHIP
* CONFERENCES SHARED

* INDEXES

* MEMBER INTERESTS
* GROUP TOPICS
* CONFERENCE TOPICS

CMC OBJECT STRUCTURE III

* CONFERENCES

* MEMBERSHIP
* COMMENTS

* MESSAGES
* COMMENTS

* ROOTS & REPLIES
* APPENDAGES
* ATTACHMENTS
* ACTIVITIES

* MEMBERSHIP
* RESPONSES

CMC PRIVILEGES

* FUNDAMENTAL

* CREATE, REPLACE, READ, COPY, REFERENCE, USE, DELETE

* SPECIFIC

* SOLICIT, RENDER, REPLY, RESPOND, ASSIGN, TAKE, VIEW, APPROVE, MODIFY, AUTHOR, JOIN, SPONSOR, INDEX, TARGET, OWN, BURN, TARGET, PERFORM, SYSTEM, ADMIN

CMC ACTIVITY EXAMPLES

* GENERIC:

* DO ACTIVITY

* SPECIFIC:

* READ DOCUMENT
* SELECT OPTIONS
* VOTE ISSUE
* FILLOUT FORM
* ANSWER QUESTION
* TAKE ASSIGNMENT
* EXECUTE PROGRAM

COMMUNICATIONS AS AN INTERFACE I

* COMMUNICATION AS A METAPHOR

* MESSAGE HUMAN
* MESSAGE COMPUTER
* DO ACTIVITY

* COMMUNITY OF USERS
* CAPTURE OF EXPERT KNOWLEDGE

* USER CREATED FORMS
* SPECIALIZED ACTIVITIES

* TRACKING AND RESULTS

* NOTIFICATIONS
* RETURNED DATA & TEXT

COMMUNICATIONS AS AN INTERFACE II

* LIST PROCESSING OBJECTIVE

* MARKED ITEMS
* REACTIVE ACTIONS
* DIRECT MANIPULATION
* BACKTRACKING

CMC NOTIFICATIONS

* MEMBER GENERATED

* COMPOSED
* CANNED
* APPENDED

* SYSTEM GENERATED

* ESTABLISHMENTS
* STATUS CHANGES
* ACTION ALERTS
* ACTIVITY TRACKING

TICKETS

* SPECIFIC EXCEPTION PRIVILEGES GRANTED TO INDIVIDUAL BY ISSUER
* MAY BE CONDITIONAL

* ONE TIME, TIME INTERVAL, OR UNLIMITED

* MASTER SERVER VERIFIES WITH ISSUER DB SERVER VERIFIES ISSUER'S PRIVILEGES

COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE COMPONENTS

* GROUP DECISION SUPPORT AIDS
* COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES
* HUMAN ROLES
* COLLABORATIVE EXPERT SYSTEMS

* COGNITIVE HYPERTEXT LINKAGES
* VOTING & SCALING MODELS
* ADAPTIVE CONTENT
* INTEGRATED IN GROUP PROCESSES
* GROUP MEMORY

CMC RESEARCH EIES2

* FOUNDATIONS FOR RESEARCH
* REAL WORLD OPERATION
* PROTOTYPING & FIELD TRIALS
* EVALUATION & FEEDBACK
* EVOLUTION OF TOOLS & DESIGN

CMC RESEARCH

* APPLICATIONS

* COLLABORATIVE SYSTEM
* GDSS
* COLLABORATIVE HYPERTEXT
* VIRTUAL CLASSROOM
* GROUP DESIGN

CMC OBJECTS

* OBJECTS

* DIRECTORY

* MEMBER
* GROUP
* CONFERENCE

* COMMENT
* ACTIVITY

* NOTIFICATION
* MAIL AND MESSAGE

CMC ACTIONS

* ACTIONS

* VIEW
* FIND
* REVIEW
* CREATE
* MODIFY
* DO
* ORGANIZE

CMC MODIFIERS

* TYPE EXAMPLES
* STATUS NEW, UNDONE, MARKED
* ROLES OWNER, MONITOR
* RECEPTION URGENT, PERSONAL
* DISTRIBUTION PRIVATE, PUBLIC
* TYPES DOCUMENT, GRAPHIC
* PARTS HEADING, ABSTRACT
* ORDERING TIME, AUTHOR, KEYS

CMC INTERFACE STRATEGY

* OBJECT CHOICE
* MODIFIER CHOICE
* ACTION CHOICE
* INTERACTION STATE
* LIST TO PROCESS
* GENERIC COMMANDS
* DEFAULTS
* PROCESS/REACTIVE MENUS
* ONE LEVEL INTERACTION

CMC IMPLICIT STRUCTURE

* LISTS

* WAITING ITEMS
* ACCEPTED ITEMS
* ACTIVITIES TO DO
* ACTIVITIES DONE

* INDEXES

* KEYS
* CATEGORIES
* COMMANDS
* SUBSTITUTIONS
* TOPICS & INTERESTS

CMC MODIFIERS

* PRIMARY CATEGORIES
* NEW URGENT
* OLD BUSINESS
* PRIVATE PERSONAL
* PUBLIC INQUIRY
* ROOT ASSIGNMENT
* REPLIES DECISION

CMC NOTIFICATIONS

* ALERTS & CLOSURE
* DIRECT MANIPULATION
* RECALL (DATABASE)
* SELECTIVITY & TAILORING
* ACTIVITY TRACKING
* CANNED (AGREE, DISAGREE)

CMC ACTIVITIES

* TYPE E.G.
* APPENDAGES DELTA EDITS
* CONDITIONAL DOCUMENT
* RESPONSE QUESTION
* CHOICE VOTE
* GENERATION ROUTE MESSAGE
* FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM

CONFERENCE TYPES

* DISCUSSION
* SEMINAR (VIRTUAL CLASSROOM)
* INFORMATION EXCHANGE
* PROJECT MANAGEMENT
* COLLABORATIVE COMPOSITION
* DATA COLLECTION & VALIDATION
* SIMULATION GAME

CONFERENCE TAILORING

* MEMBERSHIP & ROLES
* DISCUSSION LEVELS
* COMMENT SIZE
* ACTIVITIES ALLOWED
* NOTIFICATIONS USED
* SPECIALIZED FORMS
* INDEX STRUCTURE

* FIX OR FREE
* CATEGORIES
* COMMANDS

CMC OBJECTIVES

* EVERYDAY FREQUENT USER
* OVERCOME INFORMATION OVERLOAD
* USER & GROUP TAILORABILITY
* INTEGRATION
* LEARNING AS NEEDED
* POWER USERS & GROUPS
* COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE

GENERIC COMMANDS

* TYPE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
* VIEW LIST, SCAN, GET
* FIND
* REVIEW
* CREATE REPLY, NOTIFY, SEND
* MODIFY EDIT, CHANGE
* DO READ, VOTE, ANSWER
* ORGANIZE INDEX, MOVE, COPY

CMC INTERFACE APPROACH

* CHOOSE:

* OBJECT TYPE
* MODIFIER FOR SUBSET
* ACTION-WORK MODE

* RESULTS:

* LIST OF ITEMS
* REACTIVE ACTION MENU

COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE

* CAPTURING INDIVIDUAL KNOWLEDGE
* FORMING A GROUP SYNTHESIS
* FEEDBACK TO GROUP
* EVALUATION BY THE GROUP
* EVOLUTION AND ADOPTION BY GROUP
* USE BY THE GROUP FOR THE GROUP AND THIS GDSS SHALL NOT PERISH
* INTEGRATION OF COMPUTER RESOURCES
* POWER TO THE GROUP
* LET 1000 APPLICATIONS BLOOM

COORDINATION THEORY I

* EVERYTHING THAT IS ADDED WHEN A GROUP RATHER THAN AN INDIVIDUAL CARRIES OUT A PROCESS:

* PROBLEM SOLVING
* PROBLEM EXPLORATION
* ACTIVITY TRACKING
* PLANNING
* DECISION MAKING

* INFORMATION SYSTEM SUPPORT

* INFORMATION SCIENCE

COORDINATION THEORY II

* COMMUNICATIONS

* COMPUTER SCIENCE
* COMMUNICATIONS SCIENCE

* GROUP DYNAMICS

* SOCIOLOGY

* ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS

* MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

* COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR

* PSYCHOLOGY

COORDINATION THEORY III

* SOCIAL CHOICE AND MOTIVATION THEORY

* ECONOMICS
* POLITICAL SCIENCE

* COMPLEX SYSTEMS BEHAVIOR

* ENGINEERING
* SYSTEMS SCIENCE

* HYPERTEXT, PARALLEL SYSTEMS, AI, EXPERT SYSTEMS, STRUCTURAL MODELING

* COMPUTER SCIENCE
* ENGINEERING

COORDINATION THEORY IV

* NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUES, DELPHI METHOD, CONFLICT RESOLUTION

* POLICY SCIENCE
* INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
* PLANNING SCIENCE

* SCALING, SUBJECTIVE JUDGMENT, UTILITY THEORY & GAMING

* PSYCHOLOGY
* SOCIOLOGY
* MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

GO TO START FUTURE RESEARCH

* (c) copyright 1991 Murray Turoff

FUTURE RESEARCH

* PROTOTYPING FACILITIES

* MOCKUPS
* MONITORS
* LANGUAGES
* LIBRARIES
* INTERFACE COMPILERS

* FORMATIVE EVALUATION METHODS

* INPUT TO DESIGN

* COGNITIVE MODELS OF TASKS

* METAPHORS AND MENTAL MODELS
* ARTIFACTS AND TOOLS

MENTAL MODELS RESEARCH 1

* UNCLEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MENTAL MODELS AND
* COGNITIVE MODELS
* HOW PEOPLE INTERMIX DIFFERENT MODELS AND REPRESENTATIONS IN PRODUCING BEHAVIOUR
* HOW PEOPLE ADOPT AND MODIFY MENTAL MODELS
* WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE FOR DEFINING A MENTAL MODEL

* LEVELS OF DETAIL AND ABSTRACTION

MENTAL MODELS RESEARCH II

* HOW KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SYSTEMS IS ACQUIRED
* IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES HAVE ON THE LEARNING AND UTILITY OF MENTAL MODELS
* IMPROVED TRAINING AND DOCUMENTATION METHODS FOR MENTAL MODELS (TRAINING WHEELS)
* SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR INTERFACES TO SUPPORT MODEL CONSTRUCTION AND UTILIZATION

OBSERVATIONS I

* EVERY DESIGNER WANTS TO FIND A "MIMESIS"

* A CLOSED SYSTEM LIKE "STARTREK"

* THAT WHICH MAKES NO PERCEPTIBLE DIFFERENCE BY ITS PRESENCE OR ABSENCE IS NO REAL PART OF THE WHOLE

* - ARISTOTLE

* ALL THE NODES AN ELECTRONIC MESSAGE WENT THROUGH

OBSERVATIONS II

* BEWARE THE OVER GENERALIZED SYSTEM WHERE ANYTHING CAN BE DONE BUT WITH CONSIDERABLE DIFFICULTY

* THE TURING TARPIT

* BEWARE THE OVER SPECIALIZED SYSTEM WHERE OPERATIONS ARE EASY BUT LITTLE OF INTEREST IS POSSIBLE

* CONVERSE OF THE TURING TARPIT

POSSIBLE PROJECT TOPICS I

* GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF COLOR
* USER FUNCTIONALITY FOR WINDOWS
* DESIGNS FOR NAVIGATING HYPERTEXT
* COLLABORATIVE HYPERTEXT
* GENERAL MARKUP LANGUAGE AND USABILITY
* CURRENT WORK ON METAPHORS, MENTAL MODELS, & ARTIFACTS

POSSIBLE PROJECT TOPICS II

* DOCUMENTATION AND ON-LINE HELP GUIDELINES
* USER OF EXPERT SYSTEMS IN INTERFACES
* BEYOND DEMO2 (LANGUAGES, KERNELS, COMPILERS)
* VIRTUAL REALITIES
* GUIDELINES FOR ADMINISTRATIVE AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES (INCLUDING COSTING)

POSSIBLE PROJECT TOPICS III

* GUIDELINES FOR GRAPHICS AND MANIPULATING GRAPHICS
* INTERFACE CONSIDERATIONS FOR GROUPWARE SYSTEMS
* INTERFACE CONSIDERATIONS FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
* CAD/CAM DESIGN INTERFACES (GRAPHICS CONSTRUCTION)
* HUMAN PROBLEM SOLVING MODELS
* COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY FINDINGS RELATING TO INTERFACE DESIGN

GO TO START

CONTENTS