1. Review fprintf : plain characters and special characters directly into the output

 >> fprintf('abc')
  abc>>

but
  >> fprintf('abc\n')                    %   \n : new line (move to next line
  abc
  >>

  >> fprintf('abc\nabc\nabc\tabc\n')     %   \t : tab move right to next tab position
  abc                                    %   (usually at multiples of 6)
  abc
  abc     abc
  >> fprintf('abc\nabc\t\123\n')     %
  abc
  abc     S                          %   \123 is in octal 1*64+2*8+3=83 and 83 is ASCII/UNICODE for S


   fprintf string characters
     A to Z, a to z, 0 to 9  : printed as are
     \n                      : newline
     \t                      : tab
     \a                      : bell (in some keyboards)
     \b                      : backspace
     ''                      : '
     \\                      : \
     %%                      : %
     \40                     :  ASCII/UNICODE with octal value 40   dec 32 is space
     \x20                    :                with hex   value 20   dec 32 is space

2. fprintf: print variables names by using placeholders for

 Place holders most used
   %s  : string
   %c  : character (one character only)
   %d  : base-10 integer
   %i  : base-10 integer
   %x
 %X  : hexadecimal with a-f or A-F
   %o  : octal
   %f  : real number

   If a number between % and letter it indicates REQUEST for length. If REQUEST is too narrow, it will
   extended as fit.


   If a number between % and letter it indicates REQUEST for length. If REQUEST is too narrow, it will
   extended as fit.


   n below is a integer number indicating the width (in chars) of a textbox into which
   the variable's value will be printed.
   . is the period of a real number  as in n.m
   m is an integer number indicating number of decimal digits to the right of .

   m should be smaller than n
   When computing number of chars for a number we add
    negative sign
    integer digits
    decimal point .
    decimal digits.


   The n is a request. If the value can be printed within the textbox the request will
   be honored; if not it will be ignored.

   string values:            %s             Variations %ns %-ns %0ns
   integer values (base-10)  %d             Variations %nd %-nd %0nd %+nd
   integer hex values        %x or %X                  %nx %-nx %0nx %+nx and the X variants
   real values               %f                        %n.mf %-n.mf %0n.mf %+0n.mf 

   Some -+0 might be combined 

  >> fprintf('%sHi%sHo%s\n','abc','abc'abc');
  abcHiabcHoabc
  >> fprintf('%-3sHi%-3sHo%-3s\n','a','b'c');                %-3s means string 3 char wide left  justified
  a  Hib  Hoc

3. fprintf : strings

             Sting of characters and placeholders
                 , arguments separated by commas only argument here is a string
             ---- ----
  >> fprintf('%s','abc');    %  %s is a placeholde : print there a string
  abc>>                      % Which string, the leftmost %s with the leftmost argument after the first
                             % string
  >> fprintf('%s\n','abc');
  abc
  >>
  >> fprintf('%sHi%sHo%s\n','abc','abc'abc');
  abcHiabcHoabc
  >> fprintf('%sHi%sHo%s\n','a','b'c');
  aHibHoc
  >>
  >> fprintf('%3sHi%3sHo%3s\n','a','b'c');                %3s means string 3 char wide right justified
    aHi  bHo  c
  >>
  >> fprintf('%-3sHi%-3sHo%-3s\n','a','b'c');                %-3s means string 3 char wide left  justified
  a  Hib  Hoc



  >>fprintf('abcdefg')
abcdefg>>fprintf('abcdefg\\''%%abcd\nefg')
abcdefg\'%abcd
efg>>fprintf('abcd abcd\40abcd\x20 abcd\n')
abcd abcd abcd  abcd
>>fprintf('abcd abcd\40abcd\x20''abcd\n')
abcd abcd abcd 'abcd
>>fprintf('abcd abcd\40abcd\x20');fprintf('abcd\n');
abcd abcd abcd abcd
s1='a';
s2='bc'

s2 =

bc

s3='def';
s4='ghij'

s4 =

ghij

s5='klmno';
>>fprintf('%s %s %s %s\n',s1,s2,s1,s3)
a bc a def


4. fprintf : integers
 %d  : right justified
 %nd : n an integer  a decimal of width n
 %-d : left justified
 %+d : include sign even if not needed (eg positive)
 %0d : pad with leading zeros
 %+0d: pad and sign




   >>a=10;
   >>fprintf('%d\n',a);
   10
   >>fprintf('%5d\n',a);          % Note a is a variable whose value is 10 !
      10
   >>fprintf('%-5d\n',a);          % Note a is a variable whose value is 10 !
   10
   >>fprintf('%+5d\n',a);          % Note a is a variable whose value is 10 !
     +10
   >>fprintf('%-+5d\n',a);          % Note a is a variable whose value is 10 !
   +10

  >>a=10;
   >>fprintf('%d%x%X%o\n',a,a,a,a);
   10aA12
   >>fprintf('%d\n%x\n%X\n%o\n',a,a,a,a);          % Note a is a variable whose value is 10 !
   10
   a
   A
   12

>> fprintf('%d\n',10);        % right justified (default) but as many digits wide as needed
10
>> fprintf('%5d\n',10);       % length five the 1 appears in 4th position and 0 in 5th
    10
>> fprintf('%-5d\n',10);       % left justified
10
>> fprintf('%+5d\n',10);       % + is signed right justfied
   +10
>> fprintf('%05d\n',10);       % padded zeros
00010
>> fprintf('%+05d\n',10);       % padded zeros and sign
+0010
>> fprintf('%+5d\n',-10);       % + is signed right justfied
   -10


>>fprintf('%x %X %o %d\n',10,10,10,10);
a A 12 10
>>fprintf('%x %X %o %d',10,10,10,10);
a A 12 10>>fprintf('%x\n %X\n %o\n %d\n',10,10,10,10);
a
 A
 12
 10
>>fprintf(' %x\n %X\n %o\n %d\n',10,10,10,10);
 a
 A
12
 10
>>fprintf('%5d\n',a);
   10
>>fprintf('%5d\n',4555555555);
4555555555
>>fprintf('%5d\n',123456789);
123456789
>>fprintf('%+5d\n',a);
  +10
>>fprintf('%+5d\n',b);
  -10
>>fprintf('%-5d\n',a);
10
>>fprintf('%-5d\n',b);
-10
>>fprintf('%-+5d\n',b);
-10
>>fprintf('%+-5d\n',b);
-10
>>fprintf('%+5d\n',b);
  -10
>>fprintf('%-+5d\n',a);
+10
>>fprintf('%-5d\n',b);
-10
>>fprintf('%+-5d\n',a);
+10
>>fprintf('%5d\n%5d',a,b);
   10
  -10>>fprintf('%+5d\n%+5d',a,b);
  +10
  -10

5. fprintf : real  ....   trouble

>> fprintf('10.3f',12345.6789);   % request for a 10 wide real number with exactly 3 decimal digits
 12345.679                        % space , 5 integer digits decimal point and 3  total = 1+5+1+3= 10
>> fprintf('10.3f',12345.67);     % number rounded to three decimal digits
 12345.670

NOTE: 10 is a REQUEST. If sign + integer digits + decimal sign + requested (3) decimal digits 
   exceeds 10 the exceeded width  will be used



a=1234.5678

a =

   1.2346e+03

a

a =

>>format long
a

a =

     1.234567800000000e+03

>>fprintf('%f\n',a)
1234.567800
>>fprintf('%11f\n',a)
1234.567800
>>fprintf('%14f\n',a)
   1234.567800
>>fprintf('%10.3f\n',a)
  1234.568
>>fprintf('%10.3d\n',a)
 1.235e+03
>>fprintf('%1.3f\n',a)
1234.568
>>fprintf('%12.7f\n',a)
1234.5678000
>>fprintf('%12.7f\n',12345.5678)
12345.5678000
>>fprintf('%12.7f\n',a)
1234.5678000
>>fprintf('%-15.7f\n',a)
1234.5678000
>>fprintf('%-15.3f\n',a)
1234.568
>>fprintf('%15.3f\n',a)
       1234.568
>>fprintf('%+015.3f\n',a)
>>fprintf('%+015.3f\n',a)
+0000001234.568
>>fprintf('%-+015.3f\n',a)
+1234.568
>>fprintf('%+015.3f\n',-a)
-0000001234.568
>>fprintf('%+4.3f\n',-a)
-1234.568


6.  Overview
      %   { +,-,0,*,none}  { digits  digits.digits }  { h,l,b,t }   {d i x X o c s f e E g G }

    %    : is the place holder
  +,-,0  : signed, left-justified, padded  (if justification not specified, it means right)
   none  : default right justification
    *    : the number of arguments after the placeholder string is variable.
           Number of arguments determines the multiplicity of the placeholder
    digits
 digits.digits  :    5 or 5.6  as in %5d or %4.2f   is REQUEST for length


     h  l       :  [for int  values] short (half) and long types .
                   If an integer default is 32-bit  h means 16 and and l means 64
     t  b       :  [for real values] single precision  t (32bit) and double precision b  (64bit)

   d i   : decimal integer (base-10
    o     : octal
    x X   : hexadecimal
    c     : single character
    s     : string
    f     : floating point integer
    E e   : see format long/short e
    G g   : see format long/short  g