The following is for review of the material we have covered after the Third Examination, which will comprise 50% of the Final Examination. See below for the other 50%.

1. Know the following about the Milky Way Galaxy:
• what type of galaxy it is (compare with Andromeda Galaxy)
• its approximate diameter in light years
• roughly how many stars it has,
• where our Solar System is within it,
• how long it takes the Sun to orbit once,
• what the parts are (bulge, disk, halo) and what types of object are in them,
• where most of its mass is, what the form of most of its mass is, and how we know (what measurement shows it)
• where stars are still being formed and where they are not (what parts are oldest and what parts are youngest)
2. Know the rungs of the Cosmological Distance Ladder, and roughly what range of distance they are useful for
• stellar parallax,
• main-sequence fitting,
• Cepheid variables,
• Type Ia supernovae, and
• the Hubble Law.
3. Know the characteristics of dark matter, how it is distributed, why it is called dark, what the evidence for it is.
4. Know what Cepheid variables are and why they are important.
5. Know what happens when two spiral galaxies collide, what happens to stars, and what happens to dust and gas.
6. Know basic facts about quasars, such as what and where they are, and how they were determined to be far away (cosmological).
7. Know Hubble's contributions to cosmology, such as his discovery and Andromeda is a galaxy, that the Universe is expanding, how he made that discovery, and what the Hubble Law says.
8. Know the order of steps in the distance scale (or rungs of the distance ladder), what methods are used for each step, and to what distances each is good for.
9. Know the approximate age of the Universe.
10. Understand the relationship between distance and time (that when we look at distant galaxies we are also seeing far back in time).
11. Know about annihilation of matter and antimatter.
12. Know what the four fundamental forces are, that they become unified at extremely high temperatures/energies, and what experimental evidence we have for these unifications, if any. Know which forces are combined in the Planck era, the GUT era, and the Electro-weak era.
13. Know approximately how long the different eras lasted.
14. Know about the possible fates of the universe: critical density and the open, flat, and closed universe models.

The following are those parts of the previous study guides that will be helpful for the remaining 50% of the exam.

1. Know the following astronomical terms
• light year
• stellar parallax
• astronomical unit
2. Be familiar with the ecliptic plane
3. Know the approximate age of the solar system
4. Be familiar with retrograde motion of planets
5. Be familiar with the following famous people, when they lived, and their contribution to astronomy
• Kepler
• Galileo
6. Be familiar with the statement and meaning of Newton's first Law of Motion
7. Be familiar with the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g. light, radio, X-rays)
8. Be familiar with the fact that all things emit radiation according to their temperature.
9. Know what the Doppler effect is, how it is produced, and how it can be used to tell radial velocity (velocity toward or away from us)
10. Know the order of the planets
11. Know the following about the formation of the solar system:
    • The observed patterns of the solar system, and how the nebular hypothesis for solar system formation accounts for them
    • Why the inner (terrestrial) planets are small and dense while the jovian planets are much larger than the terrestrial planets
12. Know what the two main greenhouse gases are, and what gas protects us from UV rays
13. Know what two basic properties a planet must have to have a magnetic field
14. Know what causes tides, what is tidal locking, and why we see only one side of the Moon at all times
15. Know the following about the planets:
1. which have evidence for water
2. what the jovian planets are made of (mostly)
16. Know the relative locations of
1. the asteroid belt
2. the Kuiper belt
3. the Oort cloud
17. Know what asteroids and comets are
18. Know the which planets have ring systems
19. Know the following about nuclear fusion
    1. where in the Sun it occurs
    2. what happens to the positrons produced in the proton-proton chain
    3. how fast the energy travels through the convection and radiation zones
20. Know what the following forms of solar activity are
    1. sunspots
    2. solar wind
21. Know the axes on the H-R diagram, and where to find the low mass and high mass main sequence stars, red giants, and white dwarfs on the diagram.
22. Know what is the fusion reaction inside a star when it is on the main sequence?
23. Why is iron significant for stellar evolution?
24. Know the main evolutionary stages for low mass stars, and those for high mass stars.
25. Know the typical mass and size of white dwarfs and neutron stars
26. Know the typical mass, mass limits, and radius of
1. white dwarfs
2. neutron stars
27. Know how gravity affects light.
28. Know the difference between a Type Ia supernova and a Type II supernova, and what triggers each one.
29. Recall the order of the spectral type sequence (letters)