Michael Halper's Publications

Please note: If you're interested in a paper and are having trouble finding it, please contact me via email, and I will make arrangements for you to get a copy.

Journal Papers

  1. M. Halper, L. Soldatova, M. Brochhausen, F. S. Maikore, C. Ochs, and Y. Perl. Guidelines for the Reuse of Ontology Content. Applied Ontology 18(1): pages 5-29, January 2023.


  2. L. Zheng, Y. Chen, H. Min, P. L. Hildebrand, H. Liu, M. Halper, J. Geller, S. de Coronado, and Y. Perl. Missing lateral relationships in top-level concepts of an ontology. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 20, Article number: 305, December 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01319-3


  3. H. Yumak, L. Zheng, L. Chen, M. Halper, Y. Perl, and G. Owen. Quality assurance of complex ChEBI concepts based on number of relationship types. Applied Ontology 14(3): pages 199-214, August 2019.


  4. M. Halper, Y. Perl, C. Ochs, and L. Zheng. Taxonomy-based approaches to quality assurance of ontologies. Journal of Healthcare Engineering (Special Issue on Semantics-Powered Healthcare Engineering and Data Analytics (SPDA)), vol. 2017, Article ID 3495723, 11 pages, October 2017. doi:10.1155/2017/3495723


  5. H. Min, L. Zheng, Y. Perl, M. Halper, S. de Coronado, and C. Ochs. Relating complexity and error rates of ontology concepts: more complex NCIt concepts have more errors. Methods of Information in Medicine, 56(3): pages 200-208, May/June 2017.


  6. Y. Perl, J. Geller, M. Halper, C. Ochs, L. Zheng, and J. Kapusnik-Uner. Introducing the Big Knowledge to Use (BK2U) challenge. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1387: pages 12-24, January 2017.


  7. C. Ochs, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, and J. Lomax. Quality assurance of the gene ontology using abstraction networks. Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, 14(3): 1642001 [22 pages], June 2016. DOI: 10.1142/S0219720016420014


  8. H. Gu, Y. Chen, Z. He, M. Halper, and L. Chen. Quality assurance of UMLS semantic type assignments using SNOMED CT hierarchies. Methods of Information in Medicine, 55(2): pages 158-165, March/April 2016.


  9. D. Wei, H. Gu, Y. Perl, M. Halper, G. Elhanan, and L. Chen. Structural measures to track the evolution of SNOMED CT hierarchies. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 57: pages 278-287, October 2015.


  10. M. Halper, H. Gu, Y. Perl, and C. Ochs. Abstraction networks for terminologies: supporting management of "big knowledge". Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 64(1): pages 1-16, May 2015.


  11. A. Agrawal, Z. He, Y. Perl, D. Wei, M. Halper, G. Elhanan, and Y. Chen. The readiness of SNOMED problem list concepts for meaningful use of electronic health records. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 58(2): pages 73-80, June 2013.


  12. C. P. Morrey, Y. Perl, M. Halper, L. Chen, and H. Gu. A chemical specialty semantic network for the Unified Medical Language System. Journal of Cheminformatics, 4(2), May 2012. doi:10.1186/1758-2946-4-9.


  13. Y. Wang, M. Halper, D. Wei, H. Gu, Y. Perl, J. Xu, G. Elhanan, Y. Chen, K. A. Spackman, J. T. Case, and G. Hripcsak. Auditing complex concepts of SNOMED using a refined hierarchical abstraction network. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 45(1): pages 1-14, February 2012.


  14. Y. Wang, M. Halper, D. Wei, Y. Perl, and J. Geller. Abstraction of complex concepts with a refined partial-area taxonomy of SNOMED. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 45(1): pages 15-29, February 2012.


  15. K.-c. Huang, J. Geller, M. Halper, G. Elhanan, and Y. Perl. Scalability of piecewise synonym identification in integration of SNOMED into the UMLS. International Journal of Computational Models and Algorithms in Medicine, 2(3): pages 26-45, July-September 2011.


  16. C. P. Morrey, L. Chen, M. Halper, and Y. Perl. Resolution of redundant semantic type assignments for organic chemicals in the UMLS. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 52(3): pages 141-151, July 2011.


  17. Y. Chen, H. Gu, Y. Perl, M. Halper, and J. Xu. Expanding the extent of a UMLS semantic type via group neighborhood auditing. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (JAMIA), 16(5): pages 746-757, September/October 2009.


  18. J. Geller, Y. Perl, M. Halper, and R. Cornet. Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Auditing of Terminologies. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 42(3): pages 407-411, June 2009.


  19. C. P. Morrey, J. Geller, M. Halper, and Y. Perl. The Neighborhood Auditing Tool: a hybrid interface for auditing the UMLS. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 42(3): pages 468-489, June 2009.


  20. K.-c. Huang, J. Geller, M. Halper, Y. Perl, and J. Xu. Using WordNet synonym substitution to enhance UMLS source integration. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 46(2): pages 97-109, June 2009.


  21. Y. Chen, H. Gu, Y. Perl, J. Geller, and M. Halper. Structural group auditing of a UMLS semantic type's extent. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 42(1): pages 41-52, February 2009.


  22. L. Chen, C. P. Morrey, H. Gu, M. Halper, and Y. Perl. Modeling multi-typed structurally-viewed chemicals with the UMLS Refined Semantic Network. JAMIA, 16(1): pages 116-131, January/February 2009.


  23. B. Cohen, M. Oren, H. Min, Y. Perl, and M. Halper. Automated comparative auditing of NCIT genomic roles using NCBI. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 41(6): pages 904-913, December 2008.


  24. H. Min, B. Cohen, M. Halper, M. Oren, and Y. Perl. Detecting role errors in the gene hierarchy of the NCI Thesaurus. Cancer Informatics, 6: pages 293-313, 2008.


  25. Y. Wang, M. Halper, H. Min, Y. Perl, Y. Chen, and K. A. Spackman. Structural methodologies for auditing SNOMED. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 40(5): pages 561-581, October 2007.


  26. M. Halper, L. Liu, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Ownership as a conceptual modeling construct. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 62(2): pages 248-273, August 2007.


  27. H. Min, Y. Perl, Y. Chen, M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Wang. Auditing as part of the terminology design life cycle. JAMIA, 13(6): pages 676-690, November/December 2006.


  28. L. Zhang, M. Halper, Y. Perl, J. Geller, and J. J. Cimino. Relationship structures and semantic type assignments of the UMLS enriched Semantic Network. JAMIA, 12(6): pages 657-666, November/December 2005.


  29. L. Zhang, G. Hripcsak, Y. Perl, M. Halper, and J. Geller. An expert study evaluating the UMLS lexical metaschema. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 34(3): pages 219-233, July 2005.


  30. L. Zhang, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, and G. Hripcsak. A lexical metaschema for the UMLS Semantic Network. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 33(1): pages 41-59, January 2005.


  31. L. Zhang, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, and J. J. Cimino. An enriched Unified Medical Language System Semantic Network with a multiple subsumption hierarchy. JAMIA, 11(3): pages 195-206, May/June 2004.


  32. H. Gu, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, and E. J. Neuhold. Contextual partitioning for comprehension of OODB schemas. Knowledge & Information Systems (KAIS), 6(3): pages 315-344, May 2004.


  33. L. Zhang, Y. Perl, M. Halper, and J. Geller. Designing metaschemas for the UMLS enriched Semantic Network. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 36(6): pages 433-449, December 2003.


  34. M. Halper, L. Liu, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Frameworks for incorporating semantic relationships into object-oriented database systems. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 15(15): pages 1337-1362, December 2003.


  35. Y. Perl, Z. Chen, M. Halper, J. Geller, L. Zhang, and Y. Peng. The cohesive metaschema: A higher-level abstraction of the UMLS Semantic Network. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 35(3): pages 194-212, June 2003.


  36. J. Geller, H. Gu, Y. Perl, and M. Halper. Semantic refinement and error correction in large terminological knowledge bases. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 45(1): pages 1-32, April 2003.


  37. L. Liu, M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Using OODB modeling to partition a vocabulary into structurally and semantically uniform concept groups. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 14(4): pages 850-866, July/August 2002.


  38. J. Geller, Y. Perl, M. Halper, Z. Chen, and H. Gu. Evaluation and Application of a Semantic Network Partition. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 6(2): pages 109-115, June 2002.


  39. Z. Chen, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, and H. Gu. Partitioning the UMLS Semantic Network. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 6(2): pages 102-108, June 2002.


  40. H. Gu, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, F. Kuo, and J. J. Cimino. Partitioning an object-oriented terminology schema. Methods of Information in Medicine, 40(3): pages 204-212, July 2001.


  41. H. Gu, Y. Perl, J. Geller, M. Halper, L. Liu, and J. J. Cimino. Representing the UMLS as an object-oriented database: Modeling issues and advantages. JAMIA, 7(1): pages 66-80, January/February 2000. Selected for reprint in: R. Haux and C. Kulikowski, editors, Yearbook of Medical Informatics: Digital Libraries and Medicine (International Medical Informatics Association), pages 271-285, Schattauer, Stuttgart, Germany, 2001.


  42. H. Gu, M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Benefits of an object-oriented database representation for controlled medical terminologies. JAMIA, 6(4): pages 283-303, July/August 1999.


  43. L. Liu, M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Controlled vocabularies in OODBs: Modeling issues and implementation. Distributed and Parallel Databases, 7(1): pages 37-65, January 1999.


  44. H. Gu, Y. Perl, J. Geller, M. Halper, and M. Singh. A methodology for partitioning a vocabulary hierarchy into trees. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 15(1): pages 77-98, January 1999.


  45. M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. An OODB part-whole model: Semantics, notation, and implementation. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 27(1): pages 59-95, May 1998.

Book Chapter

Proceedings Edited

Journal Issue Edited

Conference Papers

  1. A. K. Hoover, A. Spryszynski, and M. Halper. Deep Learning in the IT curriculum. In Proceedings of SIGITE 2019, pages 49-54, Tacoma, WA, October 2019. (Best Paper Award)


  2. L. Zheng, Y. Chen, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, and S. de Coronado. Quality assurance of concept roles in the National Cancer Institute thesaurus. In Proceedings of the BIBM'18 1st Int'l Workshop on Quality Assurance of Biological and Biomedical Ontologies and Terminologies, pages 2001-2008, Madrid, Spain, December 2018.


  3. H. Liu, J. Geller, M. Halper, and Y. Perl. Using convolutional neural networks to support insertion of new concepts into SNOMED CT. In Proceedings of the 2018 AMIA Annual Symposium, pages 750-759, San Francisco, CA, November 2018.


  4. M. Halper, C. Ochs, Y. Perl, S. Arabandi, and M. Musen. Quality assurance of ontology content reuse. In Proceedings of ICBO 2018, 6 pages, Corvallis, OR, August 2018.


  5. L. Zheng, Y. Perl, G. Elhanan, C. Ochs, J. Geller, and M. Halper. Summarizing an ontology: a "big knowledge" coverage approach. In Proceedings of MedInfo, pages 978-982, Hangzhou, China, August 2017.


  6. H. Yumak, L. Chen, M. Halper, L. Zheng, Y. Perl, and G. Elhanan. A quality-assurance study of ChEBI. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Biomedical Ontology and and BioCreative (ICBO BioCreative 2016), 6 pages, Corvallis, OR, August 2016.


  7. J. Geller, Y. Perl, M. Halper, C. Ochs, and J. Kapusnik-Uner. The big knowledge to use (BK2U) challenge. In Proceedings of the Data Science, Learning, and Applications to Biomedical & Health Sciences Workshop (The New York Academy of Sciences), pages 147-152, New York, NY, January 2016.


  8. C. Ochs, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, and J. Lomax. Gene Ontology summarization to support visualization and quality assurance. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (BICoB), pages 167-174, Honolulu, HI, March 2015.


  9. M. Halper. Using Android as a platform for programming in the IT curriculum. In Proceedings of SIGITE 2014, pages 127-132, Atlanta, GA, October 2014.


  10. C. Ochs, Y. Perl, J. Geller, M. Halper, H. Gu, Y. Chen, and G. Elhanan. Scalability of abstraction-network-based quality assurance to large SNOMED hierarchies. In Proceedings of the 2013 AMIA Annual Symposium, pages 1071-1080, Washington, DC, November 2013.


  11. Z. He, C. Ochs, A. Agrawal, Y. Perl, D. Zeginis, K. Tarabanis, G. Elhanan, M. Halper, N. Noy, and J. Geller. A family-based framework for supporting quality assurance of biomedical ontologies in BioPortal. In Proceedings of the 2013 AMIA Annual Symposium, pages 581-590, Washington, DC, November 2013.


  12. C. Ochs, Z. He, Y. Perl, S. Arabandi, M. Halper, and J. Geller. Refining the granularity of abstraction networks for the Sleep Domain Ontology. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Biomedical Ontology (ICBO 2013), pages 84-89, Montreal, Canada, July 2013.


  13. C. Ochs, A. Agrawal, Y. Perl, M. Halper, S. W. Tu, S. Carini, I. Sim, N. Noy, M. Musen, and J. Geller. Deriving an abstraction network to support quality assurance in OCRe. In Proceedings of the 2012 AMIA Annual Symposium, pages 681-689, Chicago, IL, November 2012.


  14. Z. He, M. Halper, Y. Perl, and G. Elhanan. Clinical clarity versus terminological order -- the readiness of SNOMED CT concept descriptors for primary care. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Managing Interoperability and Complexity in Health Systems (MIXHS'12) (co-located with CIKM'12), pages 1-6, Maui, HI, October 2012.


  15. D. Wei, M. Halper, and G. Elhanan. Using SNOMED semantic concept groupings to enhance semantic-type assignment consistency in the UMLS. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGHIT International Health Informatics Symposium (IHI 2012), pages 825-830, Miami, FL, January 2012.


  16. H. Gu, G. Elhanan, M. Halper, and Z. He. Questionable relationship triples in the UMLS. In Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI 2012), pages 713-716, Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China, January 2012.


  17. V. J. Manzo, Ma. Halper, and M. Halper. Multimedia-based visual programming promoting core competencies in IT education. In Proceedings of SIGITE 2011, pages 203-208, West Point, NY, October 2011.


  18. M. Halper, C. P. Morrey, Y. Chen, G. Elhanan, G. Hripcsak, and Y. Perl. Auditing hierarchical cycles to locate other inconsistencies in the UMLS. In Proceedings of the 2011 AMIA Annual Symposium, pages 529-536, Washington, DC, October 2011.


  19. A. Agrawal, G. Elhanan, and M. Halper. Dissimilarities in the logical modeling of apparently similar concepts in SNOMED CT. In Proceedings of the 2010 AMIA Annual Symposium, pages 212-216, Washington, DC, November 2010.


  20. K.-c. Huang, J. Geller, G. Elhanan, Y. Perl, and M. Halper. Auditing SNOMED integration into the UMLS for duplicate concepts. In Proceedings of the 2010 AMIA Annual Symposium, pages 321-325, Washington, DC, November 2010.


  21. D. Wei, M. Halper, G. Elhanan, Y. Chen, Y. Perl, J. Geller, and K. A. Spackman. Auditing SNOMED relationships using a converse abstraction network. In Proceedings of the 2009 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 685-689, San Francisco, CA, November 2009.


  22. J. Geller, C. P. Morrey, J. Xu, M. Halper, G. Elhanan, Y. Perl, and G. Hripcsak. Comparing inconsistent relationship configurations indicating UMLS errors. In Proceedings of the 2009 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 193-197, San Francisco, CA, November 2009.


  23. D. Wei, Y. Wang, Y. Perl, J. Xu, M. Halper, and K. A. Spackman. Complexity measures to track the evolution of a SNOMED hierarchy. In J. Suermondt, R. S. Evans, and L. Ohno-Machado, editors, Proceedings of the 2008 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 778-782, Washington, DC, November 2008.


  24. Y. Wang, D. Wei, J. Xu, G. Elhanan, Y. Perl, M. Halper, Y. Chen, K. A. Spackman, and G. Hripcsak. Auditing complex concepts in overlapping subsets of SNOMED. In J. Suermondt, R. S. Evans, and L. Ohno-Machado, editors, Proceedings of the 2008 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 273-277, Washington, DC, November 2008.


  25. M. Halper, Y. Wang, H. Min, Y. Chen, G. Hripcsak, Y. Perl, and K. A. Spackman. Analysis of error concentrations in SNOMED. In J. M. Teich, J. Suermondt, and G. Hripcsak, editors, Proceedings of the 2007 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 314-318, Chicago, IL, November 2007.


  26. K.-c. Huang, J. Geller, M. Halper, and J. J. Cimino. Piecewise synonyms for enhanced UMLS source terminology integration. In J. M. Teich, J. Suermondt, and G. Hripcsak, editors, Proceedings of the 2007 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 339-343, Chicago, IL, November 2007.


  27. Y. Peng, M. Halper, Y. Perl, and J. Geller. Auditing the UMLS for redundant classifications. In I. S. Kohane, editor, Proceedings of the 2002 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 612-616, San Antonio, TX, November 2002.


  28. L. Zhang, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, and J. J. Cimino. Enriching the structure of the UMLS Semantic Network. In I. S. Kohane, editor, Proceedings of the 2002 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 939-943, San Antonio, TX, November 2002.


  29. M. Halper, Z. Chen, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. A metaschema of the UMLS based on a partition of its Semantic Network. In S. Bakken, editor, Proceedings of the 2001 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 234-238, Washington, DC, November 2001.


  30. J. Geller, C. Rush, L. Liu, M. Halper, and Y. Perl. Ownership semantics in the financial domain. In R. Meersman, T. Dillon, and K. Aberer, editors, Proceedings of the 9th IFIP 2.6 Working Conference on Database Semantics (DS-9): Semantic Issues in e-Commerce Systems, pages 340-356, Hong Kong, April 2001.


  31. Z. Chen, M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. A structural partition of the Unified Medical Language System's Semantic Network. In S. Laxminarayan, editor, Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine (ITAB '00), pages 296-301, Arlington, VA, November 2000.


  32. H. Gu, Y. Perl, M. Halper, J. Geller, F.-s. Kuo, and J. J. Cimino. Extracting a partition from a complex schema of a medical terminology. In S. Laxminarayan, editor, Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine (ITAB '00), pages 262-267, Arlington, VA, November 2000.


  33. Z. Chen, H. Gu, M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. A metaschema for the UMLS semantic network. In F. Valafar, editor, Proceedings of the Int'l Conference on Mathematics and Engineering Techniques in Medicine and Biological Sciences (METMBS'00), pages 755-761, Las Vegas, NV, June 2000.


  34. H. Gu, Y. Perl, J. Geller, M. Halper, L. Liu, and J. J. Cimino. Modeling the UMLS using an OODB. In N. M. Lorenzi, editor, Proceedings of the 1999 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 82-86, Washington, DC, November 1999.


  35. H. Gu, J. Geller, L. Liu, and M. Halper. Using a similarity measurement to partition a vocabulary of medical concepts. In T. Bench-Capon, G. Soda, and A. M. Tjoa, editors, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications: DEXA'99, Florence, Italy, August 1999. Published as: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1677, Springer-Verlag, New York, pages 712-723.


  36. L. Liu and M. Halper. Incorporating semantic relationships into an object-oriented database system. Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-32), Maui, HI, January 1999 (CD-ROM), Copyright 1999 by the IEEE, 10 pages.


  37. H. Gu, L. Liu, M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Converting an integrated hospital formulary into an object-oriented database representation. In C. G. Chute, editor, Proceedings of the 1998 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium, pages 770-774, Orlando, FL, November 1998.


  38. H. Gu, Y. Perl, J. Geller, M. Halper, J. J. Cimino, and M. Singh. Partitioning a vocabulary's IS-A hierarchy into trees. In D. R. Masys, editor, Proceedings of the 1997 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Fall Symposium, pages 630-634, Nashville, TN, October 1997.


  39. L. Liu, M. Halper, H. Gu, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Modeling a vocabulary in an object-oriented database. In K. Barker and M. T. Ozsu, editors, CIKM-96, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pages 179-188, Rockville, MD, November 1996.


  40. H. Gu, J. J. Cimino, M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Utilizing OODB schema modeling for vocabulary management. In J. J. Cimino, editor, Proceedings of the 1996 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Fall Symposium, pages 274-278, Washington, DC, October 1996.


  41. M. Halper, H. Gu, J. J. Cimino, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Comprehending the structure of a medical vocabulary using object-oriented database modeling. OOPSLA'96 Workshop on Object-Oriented Technology for Health Care and Medical Information Systems, San Jose, CA, October 1996.  Position Paper.


  42. M. Halper, Y. Perl, O. Yang, and J. Geller. Modeling Business Applications with the OODB Ownership Relationship. In R. S. Freedman, editor, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on AI Applications on Wall St., pages 2-10, New York, NY, June, 1995.


  43. O. Yang, M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. The OODB ownership relationship. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Object-Oriented Information Systems (OOIS'94), pages 389-403, London, UK, 1994.


  44. M. Halper, J. Geller, Y. Perl, and W. Klas. Integrating a part relationship into an open OODB system using metaclasses. In N. Adam, B. Bhargava, and Y. Yesha, editors, CIKM-94, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pages 10-17, Gaithersburg, MD, 1994.


  45. M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. Value propagation in object-oriented database part hierarchies. In B. Bhargava, T. Finin, and Y. Yesha, editors, Proceedings of the ISMM/ACM Second International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pages 606-614, Washington, DC, November, 1993.


  46. M. Halper, J. Geller, Y. Perl, and E. J. Neuhold. A graphical schema representation for object-oriented databases. In R. Cooper, editor, Interfaces to Database Systems, pages 282-307, Springer-Verlag, London, 1993.


  47. M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. An OODB "part" relationship model. In Y. Yesha, editor, Proceedings of the ISMM First International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pages 602-611, Baltimore, MD, November, 1992.


  48. M. Halper, J. Geller, and Y. Perl. "Part" relations for object-oriented databases. In G. Pernul and A. Tjoa, editors, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on the Entity-Relationship Approach, pages 406-422, Karlsruhe, Germany, October, 1992.